


The Indiana State Board of Education 

EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN 

Educational Bulletiu No. 20 Indiana Survey Series No. 5 




REPORT OF THE 

JEFFERSON COUNTY SURVEY FOR 

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 



Application for entry as second-class matter at tho post office 
at Indianapoii- 



INDIANAPOx. 

JANUARY 1, 1917 




Pass L^ I 4(22 
Book - X 4- A 5 



i«/ 



The Indiana State Board of Education 

ii 

EDUCATIONAL BULLETIN 

Educational Bulletin No. 20 Survey Series No. 5 



REPORT OF THE 

JEFFERSON COUNTY SURVEY FOR 

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION 



Application for entry as second-class matter at the post office 
at Indianapolis pending 



INDIANAPOLIS 
January 1, 1917 



■/Is- 



Approved by 
State Board of Education 



p. Of P. 
MAR 6 1917 



FORT WAYNE PRINTING COMPANY 

CONTRACTORS FOR STATE PRINTING AND BINDING 

1917 



DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

Vocational Division 



Charles A. Greathottse 
Superintendent of Public Instruction 



\\ . F. Book 
In Charge of Vocational Work 



Z. M. Smith 
Special Agent for Agricultural Education 



Adelaide Steele Baylor 
Special Agent to Supervise Domestic Science Education 



( Iharles 11. \Vl\Sl.nn 
Special Agent for Vocational Research 



(iii) 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Foreword 
I. Introduction 1 

II. Summary of Findings 5 

1. Present agricultural conditions in Jefferson County 5 

(1) Geography 5 

(2) Farm assets 6 

(3) Crop activities for the year 1914 7 

(4) Animal industry 7 

(5) Miscellaneous products 7 

(6) Total agricultural business 8 

(7) Average yield of crops for two five-year periods 8 

(8) Present status of agricultural efficiency 8 

2. Population and people of Jefferson County 9 

3. Agriculture for rural betterment 10 

4. Present work of public schools 10 

(1) Qualifications of rural teachers 10 

(2) Length of school term 11 

(3) Consolidation of rural schools 11 

III. Conclusions and recommendations of the Stale Survey Committee. .. 13 

1. Dominant occupations and vocational needs of Jefferson ( 'ounty 13 

(1) Dominant occupations 1,5 

(2) Present defects of agricultural situation 14 

(3) Need for vocational training 17 

2. Specific suggestions for rural betterment work 17 

( 1 ) County industrial society 17 

(2) Co-operation of all agencies devoted to social improvement 

and rural betterment work 18 

(3 ) Formulation and development of a county agricultural pro- 
gram 19 

(4) Need for developing and encouraging a definite manufac- 

turing program for the county 19 

(5) Highway improvement 20 

(6) Employment of a county agent of agriculture 21 

(7) Recreation and productive efficiency 21 

3. Recommendations for organizing and developing vocational 
and prevocational work in the schools of Jefferson Count y 22 

(1) The problem of providing efficient vocational instruction 

in Jefferson County 22 

(2) School consolidation 22 

(3) Construction of new buildings 24 

(v) 



VI 

PAGE 

(4) Qualification of teachers in rural and consolidated schools . . 24 

(5) Prevocational work.. - 24 

(6) Building up community life and interest 25 

(7) Vocational high schools 25 

(8) Short term day and evening vocational courses 27 

(9) State aid for vocational education 29 

IV. Complete data and findings obtained in Survey . 31 

1. Present agricultural activities and conditions. 31 

(1) Classification and extent of land in Jefferson County. ....... 31 

(2) Farm assets 32 

(3) Agricultual efficiency in Jefferson County! : 3 

(a) Total acreage, yield and value of agricultural products 

in 1914 35 

(b) Report of Farm Management Demonstration Survey 43 

(4) Soil survey of Jefferson County 50 

(5) Distribution and adaptability of the several varieties of 

land in Jefferson County 54 

(6) Decrease in population ...,.....'.. GO 

(7) Jefferson County mortgage burden 67 

(8) Sociological conditions 07 

2. Agencies for rural betterment ........; 08 

(1) The Jefferson County Grange 08 

(2) Present conditions and work of the public schools of the 

county 71 

(a) Attendance, withdrawals and length of school term. . . 71 

(b) Qualifications and efficiency of rural teachers in 

Jefferson County 75 

(c) Amount and kind of instruction in elementary agri- 

culture and domestic science given in the rural 
schools of the county 78 

(d) Amount and kind of home project work done in agri- 

culture and domestic science. . . SO 

(e) Consolidation of rural schools in Jefferson County ... 80 

(3) Present tax rate and distribution of local and state tax 

funds 81 

(4) Definition of vocational education and statement of prin- 
ciples : 82 

Appendix 

General analyses of the agricultural occupations of the county to de- 
termine the desirable requirements for efficient work 85 



THE JEFFERSON COUNTY VOCATIONAL SURVEY 



FOREWORD 



In February, 1913, the Indiana State Legislature passed a Vocational 
Education Law designed to stimulate vocational education by granting state 
aid to all communities which would organize and conduct vocational depart- 
ments and schools approved by the State Board of Education. This law, 
prepared by the Special Commission on Industrial Education appointed by 
the Legislature two years previously to study Indiana's need for vocational 
training, was recommended by leading citizens, labor leaders and prominent 
school and business men throughout the state and provides for three distinct, 
types of work, as follows: 

(1) The organization of state-aided vocational departments and schools 
designed to train for all trades, crafts and Avage-earning pursuits in the field 
of industry, for all occupations and wage-earning pursuits on the farm and 
for "all occupations connected with the household." (2) The law requires 
all schools in the state to give instruction in elementary agriculture, "domest ie 
science" and industrial arts as a part of their regular course of instruction 
(See Section V). (3) Provisions are also made for appointing a County Agent 
of Agriculture for any eountj' in the state willing to meet the state half way 
in paying the salary of such agent, who is to devote his major time to giving 
special instruction and help to the farmers of his county. (See Section 12.) 
The law further provides that such investigations may be made by the Stale 
Board of Education and its special agents, as, in their judgment, are needed 
to put vocational education in the state ona scientific and business-like basis. 
( See Section 6.) 

A Deputy State Superintendent in charge of vocational work and a 
Special Agent to Supervise Agricultural Education were appointed by the 
State Board of Education the following May, and as the sections of the law 
providing for state-aided vocational schools did not go into effect until 
September of the following year, the first year was devoted to a study of the 
problems involved in the organization and conduct of the special vocational 
schools to be established, to organizing the trade extension work for farmers, 
and to developing the instruction in industrial arts, agriculture and domestic 
science, which the law prescribed should be taught in all the schools of the 
state as a part of their regular course of instruction. 

During this first year vocational schools in all parts of the country were 
visited and the experiments made in vocational education in different cities 
and states carefully studied. One conviction which the study of these experi- 
ments left in our minds Avas the fact that in most of the cities and states visited 
they Avere not in reality stressing the occupations in which the majority of 
their people were engaged. It also became apparent that all the vocational 
schools visited were more or less handicapped by the fact that no careful 

(vii> 



viii Foreword 

and complete study of present day industries had been made to determine 
just what occupations should be prepared for and what sort of training was 
required to fit in an efficient way for the work that was to be done. We also 
became aware of the fact that tne Indiana situation presented some problems 
that were distinctly unique and new. It became apparent that a careful 
and systematic study of Indiana's specific needs for vocational training would 
have to be made and the more important industries of the state analyzed, 
before the problem of providing vocational training for the people of the state 
could be effectively and economically solved. As a result steps were imme- 
diately taken and plans formulated for making such vocational surveys. 

In February, 1914, W. L. Bryan, President of Indiana University, an- 
nounced to Superintendent Chas. A. Greathouse and W. F. Book, State 
Director of Vocational Education, that Indiana University desired to co- 
operate with the state in the development of the vocational work by providing 
free of charge to the Vocational Department, for at least one year, the services 
of an expert in industrial education, Avhom he desired should work on such 
problems or tasks as the State Board of Education might direct. In Septem- 
ber, 1914, R. J. Leonard came to Indiana University as Professor of Voca- 
tional Education and, in conformity with President Bryan's plan, was loaned 
to the state for the year. During this year Professor Leonard, working in co- 
operation with the Vocational Department, made a study of the people of 
Indiana and their occupations, collecting and organizing all facts which might 
indicate where the emphasis in developing vocational education in the state 
should be laid. This study was published by Indiana University in February, 
1915, and constitutes the first Indiana study for purposes of vocational 
education made. 

In December, 1914, the State Director of Vocational Education made ar- 
rangements with the Superintendent and Board of Education at Hammond, 
to have Professor Leonard make a detailed study of the industries and schools 
of Hammond, with a view of ascertaining the facts pertaining to the industries 
and schools, which would enable us to make wise recommendations for devel- 
oping vocational instruction in Hammond. This study was published bs r 
the Hammond Board of Education in April, 1915, and constitutes the second 
study for purposes of vocational education made in the state. 

Other minor studies of the needs of teachers of the practical arts subjects 
in the regular schools and the need for vocational instruction in particular 
communities were made by the State Department during this year. Indiana 
University also provided the full time services of one woman (paying all her 
salary and travelling expenses) to help supervise the domestic science work 
given in the regular schools. The Indiana State Normal School did the same. 
Purdue University provided the services of two women to help supervise the 
work in domestic science and three men to help supervise the work in agri- 
culture. 

In April, 1915, Professor R. J. Leonard was invited to confer with Super- 
intendent J. T. Giles and the Board of Education of Richmond, Indiana, 
relative to making a Vocational Survey of Richmond. On May 6, 1915, 
Superintendent Giles was authorized by the Richmond Board of Education 
to extend an invitation to Professor Leonard to direct a vocational survey 
in that city, and preliminary arrangements for making the Survey were made 
during May and June. In June, 1915, Mr. P. A. Reid, a member of the State 



Foreword ix 

Board of Education and also a member of the Richmond School Board, asked 
the State Board of Education to co-operate in making the Richmond Survey, 
and urged that some financial aid be given for this work, explaining that unless 
such assistance could be given no adequate Survey could be made. 

At the September meeting of the State Board of Education a tentative 
plan for making a number of typical state surveys for purposes of vocational 
education was presented to the State Board of Education by W. F. Book, 
State Director of Vocational Education. By November 30, a plan for eon- 
ducting a joint Survey at Richmond was agreed upon, $1,000 voted for the 
Avork, and the State Director of Vocational Education instructed to draw up 
an agreement between the State Board of Education, Indiana University 
and the Board of Education of Richmond for making a joint vocational Survey 
at Richmond. On December 9th, this agreement was approved by the State 
Board of Education and the money appropriated for the Richmond Survey. 
Before plans for the Richmond Survey had been completed arrangements 
for making other vocational surveys had been made. On November 30, 1915, 
a tentative plan for making a survey of the city of Madison and Jefferson 
County, to be conducted jointly by the State Board of Education, the Madi- 
son City and Jefferson County Boards of Education and Hanover College, 
was presented to the State Board of Education for its approval. The general 
plan for conducting this Survey was approved, the Survey authorized, money 
voted and Mr. Book instructed to draw up a suitable agreement for conducting 
the Survey. 

On November 23rd, the Evansville Board of Education voted to invite 
the State Board of Education "to make a survey of the city of Evansville, 
looking towards the establishment of a day vocational school." Preliminary 
arrangements for making this Survey and for securing a suitable man to 
direct the vocational research contemplated were made during December. 
On January 11th, the State Board of Education, in regular session, took up 
the request by the Evansville Board of Education for a vocational survey. 
Superintendent Tomlin stated that the city of Evansville, by action of its 
Board of Education, wished to have a vocational survey of the city of Evans- 
ville made under the direction of the State Board of Education at the earliest 
possible date. After a full discussion of the Evansville request, the State 
Board of Education approved a tentative plan for conducting the Evansville 
Survey presented by W. F. Book, State Director of Vocational Education, 
and appropriated $2,800 for the work. The Board also authorized W. F. 
Book, State Director of Vocational Education to sign an agreement with the 
Board of Education of Evansville for making the Survey. 

On January 27th, the State Board of Education, upon the recommendation 
of State Superintendent Chas. A. Greathouse, and W. F. Book, State Director 
of Vocational Education, elected Mr. Chas. H. Winslow as State Director 
of Vocational Research and directed Mr. Winslow and Mr. Book to work out 
and report to the State Board of Education, a state plan for conducting the 
various vocational surveys contemplated. This plan was approved by the 
State Board in February. This state plan for making vocational surveys 
not only defined the authority and duties of the State Board of Education, 
the State Director of Vocational Education and State Director of Vocational 
Research, but also made provisions for the necessary administrative machin- 
ery, state and local, required to carry on all state vocational surveys. Among 



x Foreword 

other things this plan provided for a permanent State Survey Committee, 
to have control of the several surveys to be made. This Committee was given 
authority to determine the method and scope of each survey and was charged 
with the duty of making complete and detailed recommendations to the state 
and local boards of education for organizing and developing vocational work 
in the several communities where surveys were to be made. 

The field work on the Evansville, Madison City and Jefferson County 
Surveys was done during the spring and early summer of 1916. The findings 
of the Evansville Survey were discussed by the State Survey Committee 
and recommendations made for organizing vocational education in Evansville, 
at their meetings in October and December. 

In April and May, 1916, on invitation of Superintendent J. G. Collicott, 
W. F. Book, State Director of Vocational Education, held conferences with 
the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners, discussing the advisability 
of making a vocational survey in Indianapolis, and plans for making the kind 
of study of the industries and schools needed to put the vocational work of 
the city on a proper basis. As a result of these conferences all parties agreed 
that the problems of providing vocational training for the youth and citizens 
of Indianapolis should be Avorked out in as thorough and scientific a way as 
possible. It was the feeling of all that vocational instruction in Indianapolis 
should be placed on a permanent basis and properly connected up with the 
present work of the public schools. In order to attain these results in.the most 
economic and efficient way a definite plan for making a vocational survey in 
Indianapolis was worked out by the Indianapolis Board of School Commis- 
sioners in co-operation with W. F. Book, State Director of Vocational Edu- 
cation, and J. G. Collicott, Superintendent of the Indianapolis Schools. 

At this time, Mr. A. S. Hurrell, Principal of the Technical High Schools 
at Buffalo, was brought to Indianapolis and placed in charge of the vocational 
and prevocational work of the city, and Mr. Book was asked by the Indian- 
apolis Board of School Commissioners to work out, in co-operation with 
Superintendent Collicott, an agreement for making a vocational survey, to be 
conducted jointly by the School City of Indianapolis and the Indiana State 
Board of Education. This agreement was approved and signed by the 
Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners and the State Board of Educa- 
tion on June 20, 1916, and Charles H. Winslow, Special Agent of the Indiana 
State Board of Educatiqn, placed in charge of the Survey. Field work on the 
Indianapolis Survey was begun July 5, 1916. 

Co-operation of National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education 
in the Indiana Surveys. — As soon as a regular state program for vocational 
research had been planned and definitely decided upon and a State Director 
£or Vocational Research secured, the National Society for the Promotion 
of Industrial Education was invited to hold its Tenth Annual Meeting in 
Indianapolis, and urged to take a prominent part in making the Indiana 
Surveys. The opportunity of considering at its next annual convention the 
problem of vocational training from a state angle and the opportunity of co- 
operating in a state survey caused the National Society for the Promotion 
of Industrial Education to decline the invitations extended to it by a number 
of other prominent cities throughout the country and to decide to hold its 
Tenth Annual Convention in Indianapolis. 



FOREWOKD Xi 

The Secretary of the National Society and two members of the regular 
Survey Committee, C. R. Richards and C. A. Prosser, were appointed on 
the Indiana State Survey Committee, Dr. Prosser being made Chairman of 
the Committee. In addition to the personal service which these gentlemen 
have given, the National Society has contributed much expert advice and 
assistance by calling upon its entire membership for help. To the National 
Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, and to C. A. Prosser, 
Chairman of the State Survey Committee and C. R. Richards and Alvin E. 
Dodd, who have given so freely of their time and energy to the Indiana Sur- 
veys, the State Board of Education and State of Indiana are deeply indebted 
for expert service in planning and helping to direct the work of the Evansville 
and Indianapolis and Jefferson County Surveys. We are also specially in- 
debted to G. I. Christie, of Purdue University, and W . A. Millis, President of 
Hanover College, for their co-operation and personal service in. conducting 
the Jefferson County Survey. Without their aid and assistance this Survey 
could not have been made. Special acknowledgments are due to W. A. 
Millis, President of Hanover College under whose direction and supervision 
the Jefferson County Survey was made. 

Purpose of the Indiana Surveys. — The aim of the Indiana Surveys, as con- 
ceived by the Vocational Department and State Board of Education, was to 
ascertain from a study of the industries of a particular community the facts 
that would be needed to outline an efficient and economic program of voca- 
tional training for the community, and to ascertain from a study of the work 
being done in the public, private and parochial schools of the community 
how far the vocational needs of that community were already being met by 
existing agencies. The ultimate purpose was to suggest a definite program 
for organizing and developing vocational education in the particular city or 
district covered by the Survey, but it is hoped that by selecting a number of 
typical communities throughout the state, some definite help might also be 
obtained for solving the problem of providing an efficient scheme of vocational 
training for the state as a whole. 

CHARLES A. GREATHOUSE, 

President Indiana State Board of Education. 

WILLIAM F. BOOK, 
(State Director of Vocational Education. 



A Survey of Jefferson County, Indiana, for 
Purposes of Vocational Education 



I 
INTRODUCTION 

The Survey of which report is herewith submitted was made 
under provision of the Indiana State Board of Education, during 
the months from June to December, 1916. The object of the in- 
vestigation was to discover a group of facts upon which more 
definite plans may be made for vocational instruction in that 
portion of the state of which Jefferson County is typical. This 
county was selected because it is fairly typical of a certain districl 
in the state and because its problem is peculiarly agricultural. 
There is no urban life outside Madison, the county seal, which 
has a population of less than 8,000. Although Madison was active 
in small manufactures and prominent as a commercial center of 
the state during the first half century of its history, it is now and 
has been for the last half century distinctively a "community 
••(Miter" for the county and interested almost exclusively in agri- 
cultural trade. The other towns and villages of the county are 
small neighborhood centers. Agriculture is the only industry 
outside of Madison. There is no mining, no large timber industry 
and no clay industry. There is considerable shell fishing in those 
townships which border on the river. This industry, however, 
belongs to Madison rather than to (lie county. There is also a 
small medicinal root industry. 

Purpose of the Surrey. The specific aim of the Jefferson 
County Survey was to analyze the agricultural conditions of the 
county, in order to show, first, the need with respect to agricul- 
tural development which must be satisfied in order to establish 
rural life on a satisfactory basis, both from the standpoint of the 
local community and from the standpoint of the state and the 
county, at large; in the second place, to determine the provisions 
already made for rural betterment in order to show how these 
must be reorganized and supplemented. The Survey is confined 
to the industrial and educational aspects of the situation. No 
attempt was made to survey home conditions, the church situation. 



2 Jefferson County Survey 

and the status of social life in general. These aspects were 
omitted, not because they were considered foreign to the sub- 
ject, but because it seemed necessary to reserve them for future 
investigation. 

Method. During the spring and summer of 1915, preliminary 
arrangements were made by Dr. W. F. Book, Stale Director of 
Vocational Education with the Madison Board of Education, 
Donald Dushane, Superintendent of Schools, and Dr. W. A. 
Millis, President of Hanover College, for making a vocational 
survey of Madison City and Jefferson County. On November 
30, 1915, a tentative plan was presented to the State Board of 
Education by Dr. Book for making these Surveys. A general 
plan to be conducted jointly by the State Board of Education, the 
Madison City and Jefferson County Boards of Education and 
Hanover College. The general plan for conducting this Survey, 
as presented by Dr. Book, was approved by the State Board of 
Education, the Survey authorized, money voted for the work and 
Dr. Book instructed by the State Board to draw up an agreement 
with the local school authorities for conducting the Survey. 

The Survey was made by a committee composed of Dr. W. F. 
Book, Director of Vocational Education in Indiana; Mr. Charles 
H. Winslow, Director of Vocational Research for the State Board 
of Education; Professor G. I. Christie, Superintendent Extension 
Work, Purdue University; Mr. Z. M. Smith, State Supervisor of 
Agricultural Education, and President William A. Millis of Han- 
over College. The Local Committee consisted oi President Millis, 
Chairman; Mr. Joseph H. Hanna, County Superintendent of 
Schools and Professor Glenn. Culbertson, Professor of Agriculture 
in Hanover College. The field work was done by Mr. Robert J. 
Millis and Mr. Fletcher N. Hufford, students in sociology in 
Hanover College. The studies in farm management were made 
by Mr. W. W. Sylvester, of Purdue University, and in soils by 
Mr. E. T. Kirkendall of Purdue University. The analysis of 
farm occupations was prepared by Mr. Z. M. Smith, State -Super- 
visor of Agricultural Education. 

The sources of information and methods pursued in obtaining 
data are set forth in different parts of the report. While there 
necessarily is a large element of personal judgment involved in 
some of the studies made, special care was exercised at all times 
to eliminate bias and to arrive at trustworthy conclusions. Slight 
consideration was given to the problem of home economics for 



Introduction 3 

the reason that this phase of the rural situation will be taken up 
in a later report. 

The Survey was organized along four main lines and the re- 
port, therefore, properly falls into four divisions: (1) The eco- 
nomic situation, setting forth important facts pertaining to the 
location, history and industries of the county, the character and 
extent of land and other property with which the farmer has to 
work; (2) the status of husbandry in the county, or present agri- 
cultural conditions; (3) financial resources of the county and 
agencies for rural betterment, i. e., the effort for rural betterment 
made by the people of the county through granges and other 
community organizations; (4) the status and work of the public 
schools of the county. 



II 

SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS 



1. PRESENT AGRICULTURAL CONDITIONS IN JEFFERSON 

COUNTY 

i 
(1) Geography 

Jefferson County is located on the Ohio river in the south- 
eastern part of Indiana. By river, it is fifty miles from Louis- 
ville and one hundred miles from Cincinnati. It is sixty-eight 
miles from Indianapolis. The Pennsylvania and Baltimore & 
Ohio Southwestern railroads pass through the county. The sur- 
face of the county is much broken by streams which find their 
way through it to the river. The county has an area of approxi- 
mately 400 square miles. Of this, 10 square miles are bottom 
land, 43 are locally known as "flats/' 200 square miles consist of 
rolling uplands and the remainder consists of hillsides. Natur- 
ally, a considerable portion of this area is waste land, that is, too 
rough for cultivation and pasture. A considerable part of the 
county is also wild land, that is, land which has never been brought 
under care, or else has been abandoned as unprofitable for culti- 
vation. Most of this waste and abandoned land may be devel- 
oped or restored by judicious reforestation. 

This county was one of the first in the state to be settled and, 
naturally, the soils have suffered very greatly from imprudent 
handling. While considerable farm land is in excellent condi- 
tion and gives profitable returns, much is reduced to a low state 
of productivity. The county is well watered and for the most 
part well adapted to various grasses. The county was once well 
timbered, but this resource has practically been exhausted. There 
is an abundance of clay suitable for the manufacture of brick and 
tile and plenty of stone suitable for highway building. 



(5) 



6 Jefferson County Survey 

(2) Farm Assets 

The assets of the 1917 farms of the county are set forth in the 
following tables: 

(a) Land 203,317 (100%) 

Under cultivation : 89,439 (44%) 

Pasture land 75,530, (37%) 

Timber land 22,599 (11%) 

Wasteland 15,749 (8%) 

There are, on an average, 39.4 acres of pasture land to each 
farm; 16.62 acres of timber land; 8.24 acres of waste land. 

(b) Valuation of Farm Property 

Land . $5,831,310 

Improvements. 1 ,904 ,330 

Implements 788,000 

Stock, feed and supplies 1 ,791 ,286 

Total $10,314,926 

Average value of all property to each farm . $ 5 , 380 . 8 1 

Total value of all land and improvements. 7,735,640.00 
Average value of land and improvements 

per farm 4 ,055 . 28 

Seven hundred and fifty-five farms, or 39|% of all farms 
in the county, are under mortgage for a ' total of $465,594, an 
average of $616.68 per farm of those mortgaged, or $242.87 per 
farm for all farms mortgaged and not mortgaged. There is a. 
mortgage burden of 6% of the value of land and improvements. 

The total working property other than land and improvements 
is $2,579,286, or $1,345.53 per farm. 

Of the 1,917 farms, 1,802 are operated by their owners; 115 
by tenants. Of the 115 landlords, 22 live in the townships in 
which their farms are located; 49 outside the township but within 
the count}-; 44 outside the county. 



Summary of Findings 



(3) Crop Activities for the Year 1914* 

Acreage Total Yield Per Acre Yield Value 

Corn 28,544 639,903 22.41 bu. $ 479,927.25 

Wheat 15,165 212,478 14.01 (< 244,349.70 

Oats 2,314 36,814 15.90 " 16,566.30 

Hay 15,350 13,208 .86 tons 211,328.00 

Rye 998 9,096 9.11 bu. 9,096.00 

Alfalfa 1,355 2,619 1.93 tons 31,428.00 

Sunflowers 205 164 , 000 800 lbs. 4 , 100 . 00 

Tobacco 1,485 1,749,086 1,177.82 " 157,417.74 

Tomatoes 1,095 5,836 5.33 tons 58,360.00 



66,511 



,212,572.99 



(4) Animal Industry 



Value 
Products 

Dairy $288,471 

Poultry 135,723 

Other animals 227 , 877 



$1652,071 



Value Animals on 

hand, January, 

1915 

$169,226 

54,511 

671,924 

$895,661 



Total 

$457,697 

190,234 

899,801 

L, 547, 732 



(5) Miscellaneous Products 

Estimated value of kitchen gardens $ 11 ,950 

Estimated value of market gardens, 397 acres 39 , 700 

Estimated value orchards, 2,418 acres 48,360 

Reported value medicinal root, etc 10,000 

Reported value timber 100 ,000 



$210,010 



*The crop reports for 1914 were used in this study for the leason that these were 
the latest reports concerning, all farm activities available at the time of the Survey. 
The following estimates of certain crops reported for 1916 by Mr. George B. Bryant, 
Field Agent for the U. S. Bureau of Crop Estimates, will serve as a means of com- 
parison and check for the reports for 1914: 
Crops Total Acreage Total Yield Total per Acre Total Value 

Corn 30,785 677,270 bu. 22 bu. $609,543.00 

Wheat 15,430 154,300 " 10 " 246,880.00 

Oats 2,444 73,320 " 30 " 36,600.00 

Rye 1,080 10,800 " 10 " 12,900.00 

Tobacco 3,000 2,850,000 lbs. 950 lbs. 427,500.00 

The Survey Committee desire to call attention to the fact that the service of the 
State Statician would be more valuable to the state if the results of his investigations 
were published within a reasonable time after the collection of data. 



8 Jefferson County Survey 

(6) Total Agricultural Business 

Crops.... $1,212,572.99 

Animal industry . .' 1 , 547 , 732 . 00 

Miscellaneous 210 , 010 . 00 

$2,970,314.99 
Deducting value of animals at hand at begin- 
ning of year 895 , 661 . 00 

Leaves net production of $2 , 074 , 653 . 99 

The agricultural situation is also revealed in part by a com-, 
parison of crop reports for a period of ten years. 



(7) Average Yield of Crops for Two Five-Year Periods 

Corn 1905-1910 inclusive. 

1911-1914 
Wheat 1905-1910 

1911-1914 
Oats 1905-1910 

1911-1914 
Rye 1909-1911 

1912-1914 
Hay 1909-1911 

1912-1914 
Alfalfa 1909-1911 

1912-1914 
Tobacco 1905-1910 



1911-1914 



29 


92 bus 


iels 


19 


18 




15 


84 




11 


84 




23 


88 




17 


20 




10 


.06 




8 


18 
94 
86 




2 


16 




1 


.78 ' 




762 


67 pounds 


,056 


80 


i 



(8) Present Status of Agricultural Efficiency 

As previously indicated, an unusually large proportion of the 
farm families own the farms upon which they live. About 4% 
may be said to have first-class housing; about 19% have second- 
class housing and 74% have third-class houses. A majority of 
the 118 "farm hand" families are of fair sociological status and 
practically all are native born. About 1% of the farmers keep 
accounts; 7% are improving their soils and 12% are tilling their 
crops intelligently. About the same number are breeding and 
feeding their animals and conducting dairy work properly; 16% 
have good kitchen gardens and some 4% are giving proper care 



Summary of Findings 9 

to their orchards. Very few give intelligent care to their timber 
and probably not more than 10% make the best use of fertilizers. 
Drainage is rare, although a considerable part of the land is wet. 
The above ratings are only approximations, but granting that 
they should be doubled, it is still apparent that the agricultural 
efficiency of the people is surprisingly low. This becomes more 
evident when the observer finds 80 bushel corn and 20 bushel corn 
produced in adjacent fields of the same native soil, or finds one 
man making money rapidly and his neighbor being sold out by 
the court. The reasons for this situation are clearly indicated in 
that section of the findings which has to do with Farm Manage- 
ment in the county. 

2. POPULATION AND PEOPLE OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 

The population of the county, outside of the city of Madison, 
decreased from 15,571 in 1890 to 13,549 in 1910, a loss of 12.9%. 
During the same period, the loss in Madison was 22.4%, and the 
loss for the whole county was 16.2%. For the last census decade 
the loss in the county was 10% and in the county outside Madison 
the same. The loss in the school enumeration for the entire 
county from 1900 to 1910 was 14.3%. The ratio for the rural 
population is approximately the same. The higher percentage 
of decrease in population between the ages of 6 and 21, together 
with the fact that the number of farm families has not decreased 
materially, indicates that one factor in the loss of population in 
the county is the diminishing size of the farm family. The other 
factor evidently is the migration of the unattached element of the 
population, due largely to the belief that there are better pros- 
pects elsewhere. 

The people of Jefferson County on the whole are of excellent 
stock, chiefly of German, Scotch and English ancestry. A small 
element of less desirable folks are found among the river hills — 
in part a class that follows the river and in part an element 
which shifts back and forth across the Kentucky border. Physi- 
cally and mentally, the general population is as sturdy as any in 
the state. There are still many families in the county which, in 
former years, have contributed to the state much of its best 
leadership. 



10 Jefferson County Survey 

3. AGRICULTURE FOR RURAL BETTERMENT 

The Commercial Club of Madison is alive to the agricultural 
situation and is making an effort to improve it. Hanover 
College, located in the county, is alive to the problem and endeavor- 
ing to stimulate betterment by giving special courses of instruc- 
tion and by working in co-operation with other agencies. The 
four granges are doing valuable work, likewise the farmer's insti- 
tutes and extension activities of Purdue University. It is true, 
however, that only a small portion of the entire population is 
being reached, and thus far efforts to obtain sufficient local 
support to enable the authorities to employ a county agent have 
been futile. The local newspapers and churches have been 
sympathetic toward the movement for agricultural betterment, 
but they have not been as aggressive as it is hoped they will be- 
come in the future. Both agencies may be counted on to give 
effective support to any movement organized on lines broad 
enough to insure improvement. 

4. PRESENT WORK OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

The rural schools thus far have accomplished little in the 
way of meeting the vocational needs of the young people and cit- 
izens of the county, notwithstanding the desire of the County 
Superintendent and trustees to make the schools serve the people 
efficiently. The Survey reveals a number of significant facts with 
reference to this aspect of the problem. Of the 4,832 pupils en- 
rolled in the public schools of the county during the last five-year 
period, 2,178, or 45%, withdrew before completing the elementary 
courses. Of these 2,178 withdrawals, 1,360 removed from the 
township, 35 were excluded for delinquency, 26 had poor health, 
95 were mentally deficient, 10 died, 31 were compelled to go to 
work, while 621 dropped out because of indifference as soon as 
they passed the age^of compulsory attendance, thus indicating 
the failure of the school to interest them or their parents. 

(1) Qualifications of Rural Teachers 

A study of the qualifications of the rural teachers reveals 
that 203 of the 312 certificates which have been issued 
to them are for the minimum period, 12 months repre- 
senting the lowest grade of license issued by the state. Of 
the 85 teachers employed last year, 39 hold the minimum li- 
cense and six at the time of reporting held none at all. Of these 



Summary of Findings 11 

85 teachers, 34% had had not to exceed six months of teaching 
experience. They had had an average of one year college and 
professional study beyond the high school grade. Only 27 had 
devoted as much as six weeks to the study of agriculture and 
domestic science beyond the little instruction, if any, they had 
received in the high school. About half the teachers only, as 
demanded by Section V of the Vocational Law with regard to 
teaching elementary agriculture and domestic science in their 
schools, declare they are complying with the law. 1 On the aver- 
age, each teacher has been employed in three different schools 
during the last five-year period and has been employed in her 
present school an average of 1.85 years. 

(2) Length of School Term 

The school terms for the last five-year period have 
averaged 117.7 days per year. Only one township, Lan- 
caster, has maintained an average above the legal minimum 
of 120 days. Taxes are high. The rates for local school 
purposes varying from 62.6 cents on the $100 to $1,075. The 
total tax budget paid by the farmers ranges from $2.42 on the 
$100 to $3.10. An equitable assessment of property would 
greatly increase the amount of taxable property, make possible 
lower rates and yield a decided increase in the funds. The prac- 
tice of the trustees is to employ teachers who hold the lowest grade 
certificates and, therefore, who receive the minimum wage. Most 
of the townships receive aid from the State Deficiency fund avail- 
able to the needy counties of the state. 

(3) Consolidation of Rural Schools 

Three of the ten townships have consolidated their 
schools in part. The Survey reveals the possibility of 
such consolidations in all the townships to such extent 
•that there would remain only 20 to 25 one-room schools 
in the entire county. It is also found that the consolidated 
schools secure the best teachers and the best equipment, graduate 
a greater per cent of their pupils and have an average recitation 
period of 21 minutes as against the average period of 14 minutes 
in the one-room^schools. 



1. This section provides that elementary domestic science and agriculture 
shall be taught in all public schools of the state as a part of their regular course of 
instruction. 



12 Jefferson County Survey 

The Committee making the Survey feels that the solution of 
the rural problem primarily must come through the public schools. 
The rural schools of Jefferson County are not meeting the issue 
at present, but it is clearly possible by a proper reorganization 
to make these same schools contribute effectively to the regenera- 
tion of the county. It is possible to devise a vigorous administra- 
tion of public affairs which will enable the school to render its 
full share of service without unduly increasing the burdens of the 
taxpayer. 



Ill 

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF 
THE STATE SURVEY COMMITTEE 



1. DOMINANT OCCUPATIONS AND VOCATIONAL NEEDS OF 
JEFFERSON COUNTY 

(1) Dominant Occupations 

The Survey demonstrates that the needs of Jefferson 
County are: First of all things, more effective agriculture. 
From the standpoint of the city of Madision this is of 
first concern, likewise from the standpoint of the general and 
social improvement of the county. The efficiency of the farmer 
determines the possibilities of better schooling, better church 
life, better family life and better citizenship. Jefferson County 
is not pulling its own load. The schools require aid from the 
State Deficiency Fund, provided for counties unable to maintain 
the minimum standard of education required by the state. The 
churches require supplemental aid from the state and national 
religious boards. Jefferson County must have better farming to 
help the people "pull their own load." But Jefferson County 
also owes her share of service to the state and society at large. 
The people of the county should understand that agriculture offers 
t he only means, directly or indirectly, by which this service may 
be given. It can not be emphasized too much that the future 
welfare of the city of Madison and of the county depends upon 
the organization of the business of the county around farming as 
its principal industry, and the education of the farmer for greater 
efficiency. 

The second .most pressing need of the county and of the farmers 
in particular is better marketing facilities for the produce of the 
farms. In part, this must be secured through improvement of the 
highways of the county. In part, it may be secured through co- 
operation of the farmers to obtain the economies of bulk handling. 
Better marketing conditions may be secured also by improved 
facilities for river transportation. The natural markets for this 
county are Louisville and Cincinnati. With a regular and effl- 

(13) 



14 Jefferson County Survey 

cient packet service, insuring prompt and regular shipment, the 
farmer may enjoy exceptional facilities for reaching valuable 
markets. There is also great need for the establishment within 
the county of small selected manufacturing industries, which 
would give adequate local markets for farm products. 

There is at present an enormous waste of produce which may 
be utilized readily in the promotion of dairying and the establish- 
ment of creameries, factories for preserving orchard and garden food- 
stuffs, and for the manufacture of various kinds of prepared foods 
and other articles of commerce made from plant materials. Such 
industries necessarily would be seasonal to a great extent, yet it 
is possible for an establishment to organize a sequence of activities 
which would keep the concern going most, if not all, of the year. 
There would thus be fairly regular employment for labor, partic- 
ularly unskilled labor, which predominates in an agricultural 
region, and a fairly constant market for produce which is now lost, 
both to the producer and to the consumer. 

Attention should be called to the mistaken policy of the com- 
mercial organizations of Madison to build up manufacturing 
industries that are not related to this region, either as to raw ma- 
terial or market. There is always room, of course, for the profit- 
able operation of a limited number of such enterprises, but they 
are of small value to the community at large as compared to those 
enterprises which encourage, supplement and utilize the products 
of the contiguous region. 

(2) Present Defects of the Agricultural Situation 

Specifically, agricultural betterment in Jefferson county re- 
quires, first of all, the spiritual awakening of the farmer. The 
county rests under the heavy hand of the feeling that it is not 
possible for it to do the bigger and better things possible in what 
are supposed to be more favored sections of the state. The people 
need to be brought to realize that they have good natural re- 
sources, advantages and opportunities, and that it is possible to 
make this county one of the best in the state, agriculturally. 

1. The Survey shows further that the second point of attack 
is the handling of soils. These are neither peculiar nor difficult 
in Jefferson County but they must be worked with regard to their 
chemical and physical properties. In a great many cases this is 
done intelligently and with great profit. But on a majority of 
the farms there is little effort in the direction of scientific culture, 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 15 

and these farms, therefore, are producing far less than they may 
yield if properly managed. 

Jefferson County for many years has been an active market 
for commercial fertilizers. It is patent that a good part of the 
expenditures for these fertilizers is wasted because of ignorance of 
the real needs of the soils. Taking the county as a whole, the 
barn-yard manure is largely wasted, either through failure to 
utilize it at all or because of improper handling. All the soils 
need humus and many need lime. Both are locally available at 
reasonable cost and in sufficient quantity. 

Considerable improvement is evident all over the county in 
the planting and cultivation of crops, yet there is room for, and 
urgent need of a better understanding of the relation between 
cultivation and soil conditions. Very little of the county has been 
properly drained, yet most of the land needs drainage. Where 
farms have been tiled, immediate improvement has been secured. 

2. The animal industry of the county is not well developed 
or profitably proportioned. This part of the state cannot com- 
pete with the corn belt or with the wheat fields of the northwest, 
but it is well adapted to dairying and the related industries. The 
large acreage not fitted for cultivation but suited readily to grasses, 
the abundance of water, and the location with reference to mar- 
kets, indicate that dairying should be the major industry. As a 
matter of fact, it is a minor activity and very generally "woman's 
work." The county as a whole is especially adapted to poultry 
and to sheep raising, both immensely profitable, the latter utiliz- 
ing a large acreage of rough land which at present is bringing small 
return. Poultry raising is incidental on the average farm and 
there are few sheep in the county. The farmers are discouraged in 
sheep raising because of the destructiveness of dogs which they 
seem unwilling to dispose of. It should be pointed out that, with 
infrequent exceptions, pasture land is permitted to go wild. Prop- 
er care is lacking in seeding and in the removal of noxious growths. 

3. Approximately one-fifth of all the land in the county is 
listed by tax officials as timber and waste land. There is prac- 
tically no care of the timber. The "broken" districts are all 
adapted to timber growing and formerly were covered with mag- 
nificent growths of the finest woods. Those have been wasted 
through ignorance and imprudence, not only sacrificing this re- 
source, but facilitating the denudation of the hillsides and up- 
lands. The farmers need to be taught the value and the art of 



16 Jefferson County Survey 

reforestation. On. many farms this is now going on with favor- 
able prospects. 

4. About one-half of the county is classified as rolling uplands, 
splendidly adapted to horticulture. One of the farmers of the 
county is the prize apple grower of Indiana. Many others have 
developed splendid orchards, commercially profitable, demon- 
strating the possibilities of the county in this industry. Of some 
128,000 acres available there are 2,418 planted in orchards. The 
report shows that even this small acreage does not receive the 
care necessary for profitable results. 

The Survey reveals that the average family fails conspicuously 
to realize the possibilities of the kitchen garden, as well as the farm 
orchard — sources from which much of the family living may be 
had. About 16% only of the families are reported as having good 
gardens. With most farmers, the garden is not considered of 
sufficient importance to justify systematic attention. It is 
"woman's work." 

5. The studies in farm management indicate that farming in 
Jefferson County has not been placed on a satisfactory business 
basis. The farmers do not know whether they are really making 
or losing money. If they have a large bank balance at the end 
of the year, they conclude that they have done well though they 
have impoverished their soil or cut out their timber to make up 
the balance. No proper distinction is made between acquiring 
wealth and accumulating a bank account, or "making money." 
Hence, many farmers are losing wealth without realizing it; many 
are making money in certain activities but losing much in others 
without knowing it. There is urgent need for the introduction 
into farm management of- the same business methods which are 
found necessary in every successful manufacturing or commercial 
enterprise. 

6. There is no organization of the farming industry of the 
county outside the granges, which reach only a small part of the 
population and which thus far have not undertaken to become 
co-ordinating agencies. There is no co-ordination of agricultural 
activities, except such as necessarily result from custom and con- 
temporary imitation. There is no county program of selected 
industries constituting the principal effort of the county, and 
around which the whole farming business of the county might 
be organized. It is unnecessary to say that there should be such 
a program and that there should be an organization which would 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 17 

reach all the farmers, one function of which would be to define the 
specific direction of future development. 

(3) Need for Vocational Training 

The foregoing statement regarding the agricultural situation 
inevitably leads to the conclusion that the imperative need of 
Jefferson County is vocational education of the youth, so virile, 
so thorough-going, so definitely vocational, that the new genera- 
tion of farmers and farm women will bring to agriculture in this 
county a genuine enthusiasm for their calling, a vision of the 
magnificent possibilities of this hill country and the best knowl- 
edge and skill available. No compromise will succeed. Habit is 
strong in the older communities; the people are individualistic in 
thought and feeling and they will not be willing to change their 
methods as completely as the situation requires. This means that 
while much may be done in providing help through vocational 
instruction for adults and in organizing the agencies of the county 
devoted to rural betterment work, the chief solution of the prob- 
lem must be found in providing the right sort of vocational train- 
ing for children. 

The program for vocational education and rural betterment 
work in Jefferson County is recommended by the Committee. 

2. SPECIFIC SUGGESTIONS FOR RURAL BETTERMENT WORK 
(1) County Industrial Society 

The organization of a county industrial society including the 
community leaders of the several neighborhoods in the county is 
recommended. Such an industrial society should serve as an 
agency for the active expression of opinions of that portion of 
the citizenship which is definitely forward looking, and should 
actively lead in all movements which seek to bring about a co- 
ordination of industrial activities. 

Agriculture offers no exception to the rule that modern 
industry is becoming increasingly specialized. In a sense, the 
farming industry of Jefferson County may be "general," that is, 
general in the sense that the farmers will continue to raise all of 
the staple crops and principal kinds of farm animals. On the other 
hand, their activities must be specialized in the sense that certain 
crops and certain animal industries must be emphasized if the 
farmers are to realize the largest returns possible under conditions 
existing in the county. There are certain things that cannot be 



18 Jefferson County Survey 

done so well here as elsewhere. There are other things which can 
be done better in Jefferson County than in other parts of the 
state. It is, therefore, a matter of good sense to emphasize those 
things in which the county has a special advantage. 

But specialization requires organization, not only of the pro- 
gram of the individual farm, but of the neighborhood and of the 
county. To say that dairying and sheep raising should be the 
principal industry of the county does not mean that every farmer 
should establish a dairy and procure a flock of sheep. The highest 
efficiency follows a division of labor in which each farmer does the 
thing which he can do best, always in due relation to what others 
are doing. That is to say, there should be a co-ordination of ac- 
tivities and of individual programs; a proper co-ordination of 
county and town, farm and factory, of producer and consumer 
if the highest degree of efficiency is to be attained. It cannot be 
emphasized too strongly that it is only by securing the highest 
possible efficiency in management, as well as farm processes that 
Jefferson County can keep step with modern development. A 
county industrial society, gathering together the "key men" and 
the most progressive farmers and business men of the county, 
could render invaluable service in many directions. Such a so- 
ciety would call forth the native leadership; it would constitute a 
compact body of the most active citizenship and thus make pos- 
sible a definite, intelligent public opinion to spread the forward 
movement; it would serve to work out the necessary co-ordinations 
and by suggestion and promotion bring them into actual opera- 
tion; it would also provide a means for connecting the county 
with the state and federal agencies devoted to rural betterment. 
Such a society would have something of the same functions with 
respect to the local industrial situation that the County Central 
Committee of a political party bears to local or state politics. 

(2) Co-operation of All Agencies Devoted to Social Im- 
provement and Rural Betterment Work 

Under the leadership of the above named industrial society a 
vigorous and concerted effort of schools, churches, granges, news- 
papers, commercial clubs, farmers clubs and other related agencies 
of the county might be obtained to develop enthusiasm for country 
life and to compel a realization of the agricultural possibilities of 
the county. 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 19 

(3) Formulation and Development of a County Argicul- 

tural Program 

The Committee believe that the organization of a county 
agricultural program around dairying, sheep raising, poultry 
raising, orcharding, berry growing, general horticulture and 
tomato growing as "major" activities in the county is highly de- 
sirable. There are several reasons why such a program would be 
particularly profitable. 

(a) Jefferson County is not naturally a grain-growing 
region. It, therefore, cannot hope to compete with the 
grain belt. It is naturally adapted to stock raising, par- 
ticularly cattle and sheep. Ever since the herdsmen of 
King Solomon tended their flocks and herds, the hills have 
suggested cattle and sheep. At the present time, notwith- 
standing the fact that there is no organized effort to make 
stock raising a primary activity, the farmers obtain almost 
if not half of their income from animal husbandry. 

(b) With the development of the animal industry, the 
farmer would have a market for all his products on his 
own farm and save for himself a certain middleman's profit. 
He would convert the product of the soil and labor into a 
form most convenient and profitable for marketing, and re- 
tain the largest possible amount of soil fertility for his land. 

(c) Dairying will bring about that selection, and bal- 
ancing of crops and stock feeding, which will most readily 
restore the depleted soils of the county. 

(d) Dairying, sheep raising, poultry keeping and fruit 
growing industries yield products for which there is always 
a steady demand. 

(4) Need for Developing and Encouraging a Definite 

Manufacturing Program for the County 

The Committee believes the development of local manu- 
facturing enterprises to utilize the products of the farm is a 
most needed aspect of development for the county. It is 
always the part of sound business management to relate the 
manufacturing enterprises of a region as closely as possible to 
the natural resources of the region; to locate the factory as 
closely to the raw material used as possible, market and labor 
facilities always considered. There is, of course, place for a cer- 



20 Jefferson County Survey 

tain amount of what may be called unrelated manufacturing in 
any community, but there are certain economies secured in the 
enterprises which employ local labor and use local raw materials 
which are missed in unrelated enterprises. A steel industry in 
Madison, supposing that it could be successfully maintained, 
would give employment to a number of people, who in turn would 
furnish so much market for food, clothing and shelter materials. 
A food manufacturing industry in Madison, employing the same 
number of persons would create an equal market for food, clothing 
and shelter for the personal consumption of these employees, but 
also would save to the county a large margin in the cost of trans- 
porting raw materials used for manufacturing purposes and at the 
same time encourage the development of agricultural activities 
throughout the county. It would convert the present waste into 
marketable products, eliminate certain middlemen's profits and 
thus increase greatly the purchasing power of the rural popula- 
tion. It is, therefore, clearly to the interest of the city of Madison 
and the county as well to develop the most extensive and attrac- 
tive market possible for what the farmer can produce. In enlarg- 
ing the market for the farmer the merchant enlarges his own 
market. The history of the commercial activities of Madison in 
earlier days, when packing house, woolen and starch manufactur- 
ing industries, utilizing local products, were the outstanding ac- 
tivities, is significant in this connection. 

(5) Highway Improvement 

A definite program for highway improvement should be 
adopted. This program should provide for the active con- 
struction and repair of roads and bridges with reference 
to permanency of improvement and within a budget which, 
while sufficient for tangible results, would not embarrass the 
development of the county in other respects. The inefficiency 
of road building and repair in Jefferson County is notorious and 
is due primarily to three causes: (1) The lack of a definite pro- 
gram to be followed for a term of years, the result of which is the 
construction of unimportant roads, while the main highways have 
been left to deteriorate to the vanishing point. (2) Incompetent 
engineering. (3) Political abuse of the office of County Road 
Superintendent. The present county officials are, in the main, 
efficient, but have little or no control over the construction work. 
The county has ample deposits of first-class materials for road 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 21 

building, but too often the engineer authorizes poor material and 
the result is that many roads must be rebuilt before the bonds 
issued on the original construction have been paid. With this poor 
return for the money invested, it is significant to find that 41% 
of the public funds collected from the tax payers is expended on 
roads and bridges. It is believed by the Committee that this 
is too large an investment to entrust to the care of inefficient 
management of road construction and repair in vogue. 

(6) Employment of a County Agent of Agriculture 

The Committee further recommends that a competent county 
agent of agriculture should be appointed, not so much with reference 
to his immediate service as an advisor to the individual farmers, as 
for his ability to promote the general agricultural program sug- 
gested above and to assist in co-ordinating the agencies for rural 
betterment in the county. Ample provisions for the appointment 
of such an agent in co-operation with the state are provided for by 
law, and the nature of the work and service of such an agent to 
the community is clearly set forth in other publications of the 
State Board of Education. (See second Annual Report on Vo- 
cational Work in the State Vocational Bulletin No. 17, January, 
1917.) 

(7) Recreation and Productive Efficiency 

It is a well established fact that recreation is an important factor 
in securing industrial efficiency. Most factory managements are 
coming to understand that shorter hours with wholesome recreation 
secure increased activity and increased accuracy. The familiar pro- 
verb with reference to the relation of all work and juvenile stupidity 
is readily seen, and the adage applies equally well to the work and 
activities of communities. The Committee believes that Jeffer- 
son County is suffering from depletion of energy and spirit, be- 
cause of a lack of recreation and wholesome play and a decrease 
in population because of unrelieved drudgery. Besides, the in- 
dividualism of rural life probably is more readily reduced because 
of a lack of recreative activities than because of any other factor. 
To secure the desired results in this direction, the Committee 
believes that proper recreation centers should be distributed through 
the county at natural meeting places rather than concentrated at 
the county seat. 



22 Jefferson County Survey 

3. RECOMMENDATION FOR ORGANIZING AND DEVELOPING 

VOCATIONAL AND PREVOCATIONAL WORK IN THE 

SCHOOLS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY 

(1) The Problem of Providing Efficient Vocational Instruc- 
tion in Jefferson County 

In order to meet the situation in Jefferson County the Com- 
mittee believes that three types of work must be provided for: 

(a) The prevocational work to be carried on in the 
regular schools (the instruction in elementary agriculture 
and in the industrial and household arts which the law prescribes 
shall be taught in all the schools of the state) should be further 
developed and improved. 

(b) A second problem is to organize vocational departments 
and courses which will enable the young people of the county 
to get real vocational instruction in agriculture and in prepara- 
tion for occupations in the household. Since a large majority of 
the young people of the County cannot or do not go on to school 
beyond the 8th or 12th school year and since the predominant 
and most important occupations of the county are agriculture 
and home-making, the organizations of all-day vocational de- 
partments for these occupations is, it would seem, the most im- 
portant vocational problem in the county. Those desiring to fit 
themselves specifically for other occupations must, for the time 
being at least, be provided for by vocational schools in other 
communities. 

(c) A third problem consists of providing vocational instruc- 
tion for the young people and adults now out of school by means 
of dull season day courses of the continuation type or evening vo- 
cational courses, where men and women and youths who have 
dropped out of school may attend a short term vocational course 
for a part of each day or week during the dull season or at such 
times as suitable instruction may be provided. The same type 
of instruction may be given in evening schools for adults if more 
suitable arrangements can be made for this particular school work. 

The Committee has attempted to make specific recommenda- 
tions for each of these types of work. 

(2) School Consolidation 

The consolidation of rural schqols so far as feasible under 
existing topographic and highway conditions and wherever 
possible in connection with existing township schools, is strong- 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 23 

ly urged. There is no need in the state of Indiana to pre- 
sent arguments in favor of school consolidation. The im- 
mensely superior advantages for general education now enjoyed 
by the pupils of Madison, Deputy, and DuPont should satisfy all 
of the wisdom of consolidation. The Committee fells strongly 
that none of the above named problems can be solved satisfactorily 
unless some form of consolidation can be worked out. Conse- 
quently it makes the following suggestions for the combination of 
schools in the different townships : 

(1) In Madison Township, Antioch at Hanover or at Lower 
Clifty. (2) In Milton township, the six schools in the eastern 
part of the township at Brooksburg, where an agricultural high 
school should be organized. (3) In Shelby township, the merg- 
ing of the six schools on the north side at Canaan with the reor- 
ganization of the high school at that point as recommended 
elsewhere. (4) In Lancaster township the three schools situated 
near DuPont to be merged with the school at DuPont. (5) In 
Monroe township all schools to be consolidated at the center of the 
township and a vocational high school established in connection 
therewith. (6) Graham township should combine the Possum 
Trot, Pleasant Valley and New Schools with the schools in the 
town of Deputy. (7) Smyrna should combine all schools at 
Volga and establish a vocational high school in connection there- 
with. (8) In Republican township, the Hall, Independence and 
Scotland schools should be merged with the Kent schools. (9) 
In Saluda township, the College Corner, Sheeps Run, Mills and 
Ten-Cent Schools should be combined with the Saluda High 
School. The four one-room schools in the southern part of the 
township might be combined at Tayneville. 

Most of these combinations are feasible with present road con- 
ditions. The highway program recommended above, however, 
should include those connections which will facilitate the above 
consolidation. 

In addition to the increased efficiency of the country schools 
which will thus be secured, there will be a decided gain from the 
fact that it will be possible to procure sufficient equipment and 
teaching force to carry on all needed vocational work. It may 
as well be recognized that nothing can be accomplished in the way 
of vocational work in the old fashioned district schools except 
perhaps to develop a better attitude toward country life. 

The building program called for below will cost something and 
maintenance may be a trifle more than at present but the in- 



24 Jefferson County Survey 

creased cost is immaterial in view of the increased industrial pros- 
perity which will follow as a result of the real efficiency which 
this reorganization will secure. 

(3) Construction of New Buildings 

The Committee recommend and urge that all new school 
buildings to be erected in the county in the future shall be con- 
structed with reference to the needs for carrying on vocational 
work, following plans and suggestions to be submitted by the 
State Board of Education in each case. If this recommendation 
is disregarded satisfactory vocational work cannot be done. 

(4) Qualification of Teachers in Rural and 
Consolidated Schools 

The Committee feels very strongly that only such teachers 
should be employed in the one-room rural schools who have 
taken some special training in agriculture and the household 
arts and who manifest an interest in a positive program for 
rural betterment. The present custom of employing inexperienced 
teachers because they receive a minimum wage, in the opinion of 
the Committee, is uneconomic and should be condemned by all 
forward looking citizens of the county. 

The Committee believes that Trustees and Boards of Education 
not only should employ the most efficient teachers available but 
should retain these teachers in the same positions for the full period 
of "their efficiency. The frequent change of teachers makes any 
continuity of plan and effort impossible, to say nothing of the 
great loss sustained each time a new adjustment is made. No 
teacher should be employed who is not strong enough to stay in 
the same school indefinitely, and once employed there is a possible 
increase of from 50 to 100% in efficiency by keeping a teacher in 
a particular school for a number of years. The County is sustain- 
ing a proportionate waste by its present policy of rapid rotation. 
The Committee also advises emphatically against the present 
policy of trustees keeping their teachers ignorant of the schools 
to which they will be assigned until a day or two before the term 
opens. Such practice, in their judgment, is indefensible. 

(5) Prevocational Work 

The Committee recommends that special emphasis should be 
placed on home project and boys' and girls' club work, to the end 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 25 

that all pupils may be enlisted in real home and farm projects 
carried on under expert direction. This will provide a means 
not only of developing a fine enthusiasm, but also will provide a 
means of giving the pupil opportunity for the practical applica- 
tion of his class room instruction. 

(6) Building up Community Life and Interest 

The Committee further recommends that the instruction in 
music now given in the public schools be directed largely through 
the organization of orchestras, glee clubs, choral societies, etc., 
and that good church singing be encouraged. The Committee 
further believes that the instruction in art or drawing should be 
directed more toward cultivating an appreciation for the beauty 
of the countryside than towards skill in expression. 

(7) Vocational High Schools 

The Committee recommends: (1) That the high schools at 
North Madison, Ryker's Ridge, Canaan, Deputy, DuPont, Kent 
and Saluda be organized as vocational high schools as the special 
agents of the State Board of Education having the vocational 
work in charge may direct; (2) that special vocational teachers 
be employed in these schools with the provision that they shall 
supervise the prevocational work done in the grades, teach in the 
part-time and evening schools described below and help to direct 
the home project, club and demonstration work of pupils both 
vocational and prevocational — during the summer months. 

The Committee wishes to emphasize the fact that in its 
opinion the industrial future of Jefferson County depends primar- 
ily upon the kind and amount of education given the youth; that 
this education shall be frankly vocational, and in particular that 
it will depend especially upon the character of the instruction 
given in the high schools. The Committee believes the first duty 
of the high school is to the community which maintains it; that 
the interests of the communities which support the schools desig- 
nated in the recommendation are distinctively agricultural, and 
that these high schools must, therefore, look directly to the prepar- 
ation for efficient rural life rather than for city life or college en- 
trance. It is recognized that the school must maintain an "open 
path" to institutions of higher education, but the Committee 
believes the course of study contemplated in this recommenda- 
tion will have equal if not greater value in preparing for subse- 



26 Jefferson County Survey 

quent study than the traditional high school courses now in vogue. 
Without questioning the educational value of the study of foreign 
languages and of higher mathematics, it is frankly asserted that 
there is no sufficient reason for them in the township high school, 
except as a preparation for college entrance. 

It must be observed that the committee asks for a new kind 
of school so far as Jefferson County is concerned. The type of vo- 
cational high school recommended requires four things new in the 
high school work of this county, namely, a new aim, a new teacher, 
a new course of study, and a new school equipment. The new aim 
has been stated as the preparation in ideals, sympathies, instruc- 
tion and training for efficient country life. The teacher must 
possess a broad general education together with thorough tech- 
nical training, active sympathy with rural activities, and strong 
powers of community leadership. He must be selected not only 
with reference to his ability in the class room but as supervisor 
of his particular work in the grade schools and with reference to 
his ability to conduct the continuation school work recommended 
and the field work referred to in that connection. 

The conventional type of school building will not meet the 
requirements. The conventional building was devised as a place 
for learning books by the memory record. The new building must 
be constructed as a place to work in, with laboratories, shops, and 
outside facilities for field work and animal study. It will run more 
to utility and less to architecture and probably will cost less than 
the type of building which is now prevalent in the state. It will 
be essentially a country school house and not a city school house. 

The new course of study will not discard those subjects which 
admittedly are essential to intelligent citizenship and a whole- 
some personal life. It will retain them but substitute the voca- 
tional subjects required to train for country life, in place of other 
subjects, which are adjudged non-essential for this purpose. The 
principal difference is that agriculture and home economics, 
instead of foreign language and higher mathematics, will be made 
the major studies. The course of study will comprise such scope 
of study and weighing of subjects as follows: 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 27 



Subjects 



I. For Both Boys and Girls — ■ 

English Composition and Literature. 
Algebra — Constructive Geometry .... 
History — European and American . . . 

Civics and Economics 

General Science — Biological and Phys- 
ical 

Physics and Chemistry 

Gardening 

Horticulture 

Poultry 

Dairying. 

Art and Music 



II. For Boys — 

Industrial History 

Farm Mechanics and Mechanical 
Drawing 

Soils, Fertilizers, Cultivation 

Crops and Animal Husbandry 

Farm Management and Farm Ac- 
counts 

Shop Work in Wood and Cement .... 

III. For Girls- 
Foods, Cooking, etc 

Clothing, Sewing, Textiles, Laundry, 

etc 

Home Planning, Decoration, Furnish- 
ing, Landscape Gardening 

Sanitation and Hygiene 

Home Nursing 

Household Management and Ac- 
counts 

Art 



No. Years 



V2 



1 
1 



Y<l 



Recitations 
per week 



Laboratory 

periods 

per week 



(8) Short Term Day and Evening Vocational Courses 

The Committee recommends with special emphasis the estab- 
lishment of community school courses for agriculture and home- 
making, in as many centers in the county as possible. These 
courses should be from four to eight weeks in length and open to all 



28 Jefferson County Survey 

persons above the age of 14, and should be conducted by the county 
agent and vocational teachers of the township schools. The 
course of study in these schools should be planned from year to 
year with reference to the immediate needs of the district served. 

There will be in every community a considerable number of 
pupils who will discontinue school before or upon completion of 
the elementary course and who later will desire to take up strictly 
vocational subjects. There will be in every community also a 
considerable number of mature men and women who will want 
to do the same. The large number of farmers who annually at- 
tend the short course at Purdue are of this class. These persons 
desire definite technical work along -the lines of their practical ac- 
tivities and want it under such management that it will not conflict 
with their regular employment. Short term "agricultural schools" 
have been found in other counties to meet this need ' admirably. 
These schools are conducted during the winter months when 
work is relatively slack on the farm, the school meeting in the 
middle hours of the day for two or three days of the week. The 
instruction is given by the county agent, the vocational teachers 
of the high schools and by extension instructors from Purdue 
University. The classes should meet in the high school in order 
to have the use of equipment and the definite school setting. 
Such schools may acquire considerable socializing value from 
arrangements for "basket lunches" and for brief entertainment 
programs between instruction periods. The courses given should 
be presented in a thoroughly scientific manner, but also in a defin- 
itely practical way. The aim is to improve procedure on the 
farm and in the farm home. The courses should be those which 
relate directly to the problem which the farmers face in their 
regular activities. These continuation schools would differ from 
the farmer's institute in method rather than in subject-matter, 
and in the time employed. There would be less lecture and more 
demonstration and laboratory practice, with sufficient time for 
developing and fixing results. 

After all, it is in the process of the practical application of 
principles that these principles may be truly understood and 
appreciated. At best, the school laboratory is but a substitute 
for the reality. For this reason, the Committee would place 
great emphasis upon the value of what is designated as "home 
project" work — definite tasks which the boy or girl undertakes 
to do at home under the direction of the vocational teacher or 
county agent and for the purpose of demonstrating the operation 



Committee Conclusions and Recommendations 29 

of principles and methods elucidated in the school room; for 
example, raising corn or other crops in a scientific manner, feeding 
animals for market, developing the neglected orchard, raising a 
crop of tomatoes, canning fruits and vegetables, planning farm 
buildings, beautifying farm house yard, etc. Such projects 
carried through in a thorough manner not only fix the theory of 
the class room but help to awaken the interest of the older popu- 
lation; to intellectualize farm life for the boy and girl and to awaken 
their energies and enthusiasm for country life, giving a finer sense 
of personal dignity and local patriotism. Thus the basis of a live, 
wholesome citizenship would be laid. 

(9) State Aid for Vocational Education 

The State of Indiana is interested in the industrial betterment 
of Jefferson County, so much interested in fact that the common- 
wealth is ready to bear a large part of the burden. If all, or any of 
the township high schools "now in operation in the county should 
accept the recommendation of the Committee, and be converted 
into vocational schools of the type above described, receiving the 
approval of the State Board of Education, the state will pay two- 
thirds of the salaries of the teachers of vocational subjects. For 
example, if a township high school is organized as above indicated 
and employs three instructors, one a general teacher, one a special 
teacher of agriculture and supervisor of home projects in agriculture, 
and one a special teacher of home economics and supervisor of club 
work related to her department; if the teacher of general subjects 
is employed for seven months at seven hundred dollars, and the 
other two for eleven months at eleven hundred dollars each, mak- 
ing a total salary budget of $2,900, the state will pay $1,466.66 
of the amount. This amount is not greatly in excess of the cost 
of the ordinary certified high school. In other words, it is pos- 
sible for any of the township high schools of Jefferson County, at 
a trifle if any more than the present cost, to give to the com- 
munity the broad, thorough, truly vocational education described 
above, under highly efficient teachers, together with expert super- 
vision of the prevocational work of the elementary schools-, the 
expert direction of home project work through four summer 
months, and the continuation schools in agriculture and home 
economics for the adult population during the winter months. 

It must be observed of course that all the recommenda- 
tions submitted hang together, and that each presupposes all the 



30 Jefferson County Survey 

others to be accepted. This means, not a change here and there 
or a patching up of the situation, but rather an organized, thor- 
ough-going, vigorous reformation of plans, agencies and methods. 
Nothing is recommended here that has not been done successfully 
in many places where conditions are not more difficult than in 
Jefferson County. The more progressive foreign countries have 
done what is recommended here for many years with the result 
that they have attained a standard of economic and social effi- 
ciency which America scarcely believes possible. In Germany, 
France and Belgium the vocational secondary school and the 
agricultural continuation school are commonplace. What these 
countries have done, and what other parts of our own country 
have done, Jefferson County can do. 



IV 

COMPLETE DATA AND FINDINGS OBTAINED 

IN SURVEY 



1. PRESENT AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES AND CONDITIONS 
(1) Classification and Extent of Land in Jefferson County 

In the study of the Industrial situation which must be met 
by the schools of Jefferson County in their attempt to serve the 
real needs of the rural population, account must be taken of the 
varities of land comprised within the county and the extent of 
each. As a matter of expediency, the lands were classified into 
(1) tillable; (2) non-tillable; and (3) timber lands, following the 
practice of the State Statistician. The tillable lands were further 
subdivided into (a) lands under cultivation and (6) pasture 
lands. The non-tillable land might be subdivided into (a) the 
land which is absolutely non-tillable; and (6) the land which on 
account of its present lack of improvement is being assessed by 
tax officials as waste land. No effort has been made to determine 
the extent of the latter, made up largely of undrained "flats" and 
hill land which could be cultivated after proper drainage and 
clearing. 

By pasture land is meant all land enclosed and being grazed, 
without regard to the care given to proper seeding and to the re- 
moval of noxious growths. By timber land is meant any wooded 
land reserved for timber growth and without regard to the effi- 
ciency of care given it. As will be shown in a later table only a 
small percentage of the timber land is being cared for scientifically. 

The classification and extent of the several varieties of land in 
Jefferson County are shown in Table I. The data of this table 
were derived from the 1915 report of the State Statistician and 
verified by the Auditor and County Assessor of this county. 



(31) 



32 



Jefferson County Survey 
TABLE I 



Township 


Acres of 
Land 
Under 

Cultiva- 
tion 


Acres of 

Pasture 

Land 


Acres of 

Timber 

Land 


Acres of 
Wa,ste 
Land 


Total 
Acres 


1. Hanover. . 


4,504 
7,024 
6,209 

11,397 
5,280 

16,039 

10,377 
7,377 

13,721 
7,511 


2,448 

7,438 

5,450 

6,648 

5,450 

2,157 

6,308 

15,919 

11,771 

11,941 


1,316 
2,428 
2,239 
3,094 
1,939 
1,448 
6,102 
1,750 
1,758 
1,438 


575 
1,140 

693 
1,303 
1,507 

938 

397 
4,687 
2,105 
2,431 


8,843 


2. Saluda 

3. Republican 

4. Graham 

5. Smyrna 

6. Lancaster 

7. Monroe 

8. Shelby 

9. Madison 

10. Milton 


18,030 
14,591 
22,442 
14,176 
20,582 
23,184 
29,733 
29,355 
23,321 


Total County. . . 


89,439 


75,530 


23,512 


15,776 


204,257 



(2) Farm Assets 

The farm assets of Jefferson County or what may be denom- 
inated the working capital of the farmers, are considered under 
the four heads of (1) land, (2) improvements on the land, (3) 
farm implement, and (4) stock on hand at the beginning of the 
working year together with the feed, seeds and other supplies 
necessary for "making the crop." These are shown in Table II. 
The values of land and improvements were obtained by doubling 
the appraisements returned by the Township Assessor for taxa- 
tion. This ratio was adopted upon the advice of the County 
Assessor and Auditor in view of the declared policy of the taxing 
officials to report at fifty per cent of its true value. The value of 
improvements denotes the total value of residences, out-buildings 
barns, stables and fencing. The value of implements is the 
estimated value of all farm implements, including seeding, 
cultivating and harvesting machinery, wagons, carriages, automo- 
biles, presses, ensilage cutters, threshers, engines, hand tools, and 
harness. These estimates were made by computing the reason- 
able value of the average farm equipment in this county as agreed 
to by men familiar with farm implements and checked by Professor 
Culbertson. The value of stock, feed, etc., was derived by com- 
bining the valuations reported by the State Statistician for Janu- 



Survey Data and Findings 



33 



ary, 1, 1915, with the estimates of the amount of feed, seeds, etc., 
necessary on the average to "make a crop." 



TABLE II 











Value of 






Total 


Value of 


Value of 


Stock, 


Total 


Township 


Value of 


All Im- 


Farm Im- 


Feed and 


Farm 




Land 


provements 


plements 


Supplies 


Assets 


1. Hanover. . . 


375,320 


137,760 


32,250 


125,062 


670,392 


2. Saluda 


506,240 


137,600 


66,500 


138,505 


848,845 


3. Republican. 


370,770 


119,720 


40,600 


117,569 


648,659 


4. Graham.. . . 


559,690 


142 , 600 


81,550 


176,689 


960,529 


5. Smyrna. . . . 


343,110 


110,650 


60,900 


123,091 


637,751 


6. Lancaster. . 


488,670 


205,280 


71,400 


155,958 


921,308 


7. Monroe. . . . 


575,910 


166,750 


95,850 


176,599 


1,015,109 


8. Shelby 


609,280 


175,350 


102,200 


193,432 


1,162,262 


9. Madison . . . 


1,310,170 


583,560 


140,500 


357,450 


2,391,680 


10. Milton 


611,150 


124,060 


96,250 


222,981 


1,791,286 


Total for 












County. . 


5,750,310 


1,903,330 


788,000 


1,787,336 


11,047,821 



(3) Agricultural Efficiency in Jefferson County 

The efficiency of the Jefferson County farmer has been inves- 
tigated by an exhibit of the results obtained by townships during 
the crop year 1914, checked by results for the County for the years 
1905 to 1914 and 1916, inclusive. 

The data accumulated in the first investigation are set forth 
in Tables III to XV, inclusive. These tables were organized from 
the published reports of the State Statistician and the United 
States Bureau of Agriculture. The total acreage and total yield 
of corn, wheat, oats, hay, rye, alfalfa, sun-flower, tobacco and 
tomato crops were taken from the above sources. The yield per 
acre in each case was obtained by dividing the total yield of the 
crop in a given township by the total acreage reported for the 
same. The total value was obtained by multiplying the total 
yield by the average selling price of these crops in 1915 as deter- 
mined from the published reports of Jefferson County markets. 
The hay crop as reported includes timothy, clover, millet, red 
top, wild prairie and marsh grasses. It does not include alfalfa. 



34 Jeffekson County Sukvey 

The exhibit of the dairy industry of Jefferson County com- 
prises the market value of the animals on hand January 1, 1915, 
and the value of the milk, cream and butter produced during the 
year 1914. These statements were compiled from the statistical 
reports published by the state in 1915 and, with reference to milk, 
cream and butter, include the amounts consumed on the farm as 
well as the amounts sold. (See Table XII.) 

In Table XIII are exhibited the animal industries of the 
county aside from dairying, for the year 1914, as shown in state 
reports. The item of "Animal except dairy" includes horses, 
mules, cattle, hogs and sheep. Table XIV comprises a mis- 
cellany of items of great importance but grossly neglected by the 
majority of farmers. The kitchen garden, which should be a 
substantial resource of every farm family, is very generally re- 
garded as of secondary interest. The value attached to the 
kitchen gardens of Jefferson County was computed from the 
estimate that the average farm family would have to pay at pre- 
vailing market prices, or $50 per year, for the articles it obtains 
from the garden. The average number of acres of timber land 
to each farm in each township was determined by dividing the 
total acreage of timber land as shown in Table I by the number of 
farms in the township. The acreage of market gardens and 
orchards was obtained from the state report of 1915. There was 
included in the acreage of market gardens all ground devoted to 
the production of vegetables, melons, etc., for the market, and 
not including land growing tomatoes for canning factories. 

Table XV shows the total acreage and yield of the various 
staple crops grown in the country for a period of eight consecu- 
tive years, 1904 to 1915, inclusive. 



Survey Data and Findings 



35 



(a) Total Acreage Yield and Value of Agricultural Products 

in 1914 

TABLE III CORN 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Bushels) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


1,772 
2,734 

1,881 
3,334 
1,966 
3,589 
4,157 
2,748 
4,187 
2,176 


34,716 
53,725 
47,933 
76,790 
56,185 
24,230 
75,891 
54,450 
132,420 
83,563 


19.53 
19.65 
25.48 
23.03 
28.57 
6.75 
18.25 
19.81 
31.62 
38.40 


$ 26,027.00 
40,293.75 
35,949.75 
57,592.50 
42,138.75 
18,172.50 
56,918.25 
40,837.50 
99,315.00 
62,672.25 


County 


28,544 


639,903 


23.11 


$479,917.25 



*Value taken 75 cents per bushel. 



TABLE IV WHEAT 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Bushels) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smvrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison r 


1,395 
1,267 
1,565 
2,103 
1,227 

639 
1,560 
1,638 
3,114 

657 


23,469 
12,329 
24,859 
31,753 
14,465 
5,972 
18,880 
20,098 
50,584 
10,069 


18.97 
9.73 
15.88 
15.09 
11.78 
9.34 
12.10 
12.27 
16.24 
15.32 


$26,989.35 
14,178.35 
28,587.85 
36,515.95 
16,634.75 
6,867.80 
21,712.00 
23,112.70 
58,171.60 


Milton 


11,579.35 


County 


15,165 


212,478 


13.62 


$244,349.70 







*Value of wheat; $1.15 per bushel. 



36 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE V OATS 



ToAvnship 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Bushels) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 


206 
249 

89 
652 

98 
316 
283 

44 
327 

50 


4,425 

4,765 
1,265 
3,215 
1,275 

8,755 
2,000 
750 
8,984 
1,390 


21.48 
19.13 
14.21 

4.93 
13.01 
27.65 ■ 

7.07 
17.04 
24.47 
27.80 


$1,991.25 
2,144.25 

569.25 
1,446.75 

573 . 75 
3,935.25 

900 00 


Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


337.50 

4,042.80 

625.50 


Countv 


2,314 


36,824 


17.70 


$16,566.30 



''Value 45 cents per bushel. 



TABLE VI HAY 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Tons^ 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smvrna 

Lancaster . 


635 

992 

880 

1,646 

1,440 

3,232 

3,027 

762 

2,306 

430 


565 
616 
616 

1,360 
886 

2,950 

2,536 
501 

2,595 
583 


.89 
.62 
.70 
.82 
.61 
.91 
.83 
.65 
1.12 
1.35 


$9,040.00 
9,856.00 
9,856.00 
21,760.00 
14,176.00 
47 200 00 


Monroe 

Shelby 


40,576.00 
8 016 00 


Madison 


41,520 00 


Milton 


9,328 00 






County 


15,350 


13,208 


.85 


$211,328.00 



*Value $16.00 per ton. 



Survey Data and Findings 



37 



TABLE VII RYE 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Bushels) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Sahma 

Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe. . 


12 

97 

87 

187 

134 

262 

4 

94 

83 

38 


215 

878 

826 

725 

1.174 

2,418 

50 

1,094 

1,186 

530 


17.91 

9.05 

9.49 

3.87 

8.76 

9.23 

12.50 

11.63 

14.28 

13.94 


$215.00 

878.00 

826.00 

725.00 

1,174.00 

2,418.00 

50.00 


Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


1,094 
1.186.00 
530.00 


County 


998 


9,096 


11.06 


$9,096.00 



*Value $1.00 per bushel. 



TABLE VIII ALFALFA 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Tons) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican. . 


1 
99 


4 

87 


4. 

.88 


$48.00 
1,004.00 


Graham. . 










Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


23 
35 
29 
96 
467 
605 


18 

70 

38 

138 

1,137 

1.127 


.76 
2.00 
1.31 
1.43 
2.43 
1.86 


216.00 

840.00 

456.00 

1,656.00 

13,644.00 

13,524.00 


County 


1,355 


2,619 


1.86 


$31,388.00 



*Value $12.00 per ton. 



38 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE IX SUNFLOWERS 



Township 


Total 

Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Pounds) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 


5 
200 


4,000 
160,000 


800 
800 


$ 100.00 
4 000 00 








205 


164,000 


800 


$4,100.00 



*Average price, 2\ cents per pound. 



TABLE X TOBACCO 



Township 


Total 
Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Pounds) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


58 

269 

93 

15 

64 

20 

104 

. 182 

257 

423 


77,570 

274,345 

151,440 

12,600 

61,650 

15,650 

100,110 

251,450 

315,771 

488,500 


1,337.58 

1,019.87 

1,628.38 

840.00 

963.28 

782 . 50 

962.59 

1,381.60 

1,228.68 

1,154.84 


$ 6,981.30 

24,691.05 

13,629.60 

1,134.00 

5,548.50 

1,408.50 

9,009.90 

22,630.50 

28,419.39 

43,965.00 




1,485 


1,749,086 


11,299.32 


$157,417.74 



*Average price, 9 cents per pound. 



Survey Data and Findings 



39 



TABLE XI TOMATOES 



Township 


Total 

Acreage 


Total Yield 
(Tons) 


Yield per 
Acre 


Total Value 
of Crop* 


Hanover 

Saluda ". 


51 
143 

65 
123 
151 
135 

41 


393 
431 
240 
349 
684 
421 
156 


7.70 
3.03 
3.69 
2.83 
4.50 
• 3.11 
3-. 80 


$3,930.00 
4,310.00 


Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 


2,400.00 
3,490.00 
6.840.00 
4,210.00 
1,560.00 


Shelby 




Madison 

Milton . . 


386 


3,162 


8.14 


31,620.00 












Countv 


1,095 


5,836 


4.60 


$58,360.00 



*VaIue, $10.00 per ton. 



TABLE XII DAIRY PRODUCTS 



Township 


Value 

Dairy 

Animals 

Jan. 1, 1915 


Value 

.Milk 

Product, 

1914 


Value 

Cream 

Sold, 1914 


Value 

Butter, 

1914 


Total 
Value 

Animals 
and 

Product 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican. 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster . . . . . . 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison 

Milton..... 


$18,917 

9,255 

9,640 

11,350 

8,740 

13,800 

15,624 

11,740 

46,355 

23,795 


$11,559 
7,965 
9,830 
18,560 
14,342 
13,750 
15,624 
10,820 
41,002 
19,390 


$5,271 
55 
1,410 
5,912 
2,903 
3,400 
3,906 
1,250 

17,625 
510 


$5,684 

10,735 

9,050 

3,803 

5,303 

6,850 

7,812 

2,536 

15,489 

16,125 


$41,431 
28,010 
29,930 
39,635 
31,288 
37,800 
42,966 
26,346 

120,471 
59,820 


County 


$169,226 


$162,842 


$42,242 


$83,387 


$457,697 



40 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE XIII LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY 



Township 


Value 
Animals 
Except Dairy 
Sold 1914 


Value 

Animals 

Except Dairy 

on Hand 
Jan. 1, 1915 


Value 

Poultry 

and Eggs 

Sold 1914 


Value 
Poultry 
on Hand 
Jan. 1, 1915 


Hanover 

Saluda 


$28,086 
20,285 
13,655 
28,842 
14,178 
19,469 
22,083 
19,656 
29,791 
31,382 


$63,395 
43,750 
55,529 
60,429 
37,051 
58,407 
66,251 
60,292 

147,384 
79,436 


$14,134 
21,050 
14,414 
17,626 
13,711 
10,228 
11,582 
6,831 
10,022 
16,125 


$5,850 
8,100 


Republican 

Graham 


4,175 
4,375 


Smyrna 


3,349 


Lancaster 


4,447 


Monroe 


5,036 


Shelby 


2,879 


Madison 


9,423 


Milton 


6,877 






County 


$227,427 


$671,924 


$135,723 


$54,511 







TABLE XIV 
ORCHARDS, GARDENS, AND TIMBER PRODUCTS 



Township 


Value of 
Kitchen 
Gardens 


Average of 
Market 
Gardens 


Acreage in 
Orchards 


Number of 

Acres of 

Timber Land 

to the Farm 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 

Smyrna 

Lancaster 

Monroe 


$4,700 

9,500 

5,750 

11,650 

8,750 

10,200 

11,550 

14,600 

P 21,500 

113,750 


18 

11 

13 

3 

22 

40 

40 



138 

112 


165 
304 
280 
204 
308 
220 
228 
230 
312 
167 


14.4 
12.8 
19.3 
13.2 
11.2 
7.9 
26.2 


Shelby 


6. 


Madison 


4.1 


Milton 


1.6 






County. 


111,950 


397 


2,418 


116.7 







Survey Data and Fundings 



41 



TABLE XV 

TOTAL ACREAGE AND YIELDS OF STAPLE CROPS 
FOR A PERIOD OF CONSECUTIVE YEARS 



Corn 



Year 


Acreage 


Total Yield 


Yield per 






(Bushels) 


Acre 
(Bushels) 


1905 


25,675 


952,625 


37.50 


1906 


27,306 


796,495 


29.16 


1909 


'28,700 


744,601 


26.64 


1910 


26,836 
27,314 


608,495 
680,678 


26.40 


1911 


24.19 


1912 


25,738 


670,470 


26.05 


1913 


27,970 


673,062 


24.06 


1914 


28,744 


639,903 


22.41 



Wheat 



1905. 
1906. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 



1905. 
1906. 
1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 



1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 



16,381 


327,594 


20.40 


21,782 


354,524 


16.18 


16,525 


225,230 


13.63 


20,425 


269,114 


13.17 


19,643 


■ 239,684 


12.20 


12,217 


99,907 


8.17 


13,985 


180,830 


12.98 


15,165 


212,478 


14.01 


ats 

7,528 


233,135 


31.03 


7,361 


135,593 


18.42 


3,792 


86,764 


24.65 


4,355 


93,388 


21.44 


3,202 


55,039 


17.19 


3,601 


82,513 


22.91 


3,186 


40,036 


12.81 


2,314 


36,814 


15.90 


431 


4,828 


11.20 


492 


5,121 


10.40 


447 


3,838 


8.58 


282 


2,468 


8.75 


674 


6,537 


9.70 


998 


9,096 


9,. 11 



42 



Jefferson County Survey 

Hay 







Total Yield 


Yield per 


Year 


Acreage 


(Tons) 


Acre 
(Tons) 


1909 


16,167 


15,908 


.95 


1910 


16,747 


15,381 


.91 


1911 


18,972 


18,283 


.96 


1912 


16,285 


15,533 


.95 


1913 


15,455 


11,823 


.76 


1914 


15,350 


13,208 


.86 



1909. 
1910. 
1911. 
1912. 
1913. 
1914. 



Alfalfa 



1905 
1906 
1909 
1910 
1911 
1912 
1913 
1914 



709 


1,599 


2.26 


798 


1,807 


2.26 


1,209 
956 


2,397 
1,665 


1.98 


1.74 


1,078 


1,814 


1.68 


1,355 


2,619 


1.93 


Tobacco 


(Pounds) 




2,308 


911,832 


395.07 


1,286 


1,140,900 


887.16 


3,058 


2,978,351 


973.79 


3,013 


2,394,356 


794.67 


1,821 


2,217,062 


1,217.49 


1,308 


1,106,063 


845.61 


1,208 


1,191,439 


986.29 


1,485 


1,749,086 


1,177.82 


Tomatoes 











(Tons) 




1910 ; 


98 


782 


7.97 


1911 


906 


4,272 


4.71 


1912 


1,406 


3,940 


2.80 


1913 


1,246 


6,389 


5.12 


1914 


1,095 


5,836 


5.33 



Survey Data and Findings 43 



(&) Report of Farm Management Demonstration Survey* 

During the month of November, 1916, a representative of 
Purdue University and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
assisted by students of Hanover College, obtained business rec- 
ords of seventy-seven farms in Jefferson County, seventy-one 
being used in the tabulation. These records include an opening 
and closing inventory and the expense and receipts of the farm. 
They were taken to demonstrate to the farmer the value of keep- 
ing simple records of farm business and of summarizing and 
analyzing the results. This should enable him to decide upon 
changes in the organization of farm business, which promise a 
larger net income. While most of the seventy-seven records were 
taken of farmers who had kept no record of their business, and 
while their individual records are not always accurate, yet the 
average of these summaries is sufficiently accurate to demonstrate 
the relation of certain factors to the profitableness of farm 
business. 

Labor Income a Measure of the Profitableness of the Farm 
Business. The profit of the farm business is measured in terms 
of labor income. Labor income is what the farmer receives from 
the farm for his labor. It is found by subtracting the expenses 
and 5% interest on capital invested in the farm, from the total 
receipts of the farm. The following table illustrates how the 
labor income was figured: 

Total Capital — Real estate, livestock, machinery, etc $9,874 

Total Receipts — From crops, livestock, livestock products, out- 
side work, etc 1,710 

Total Expenses — Labor, feed, seed, machine work, repairs, de- 
preciation, etc 725 

Farm Income — (Receipts minus expenses) 985 

Interest on Capital— (5% of $9,874) 493 

Labor Income 492 

The average labor income figured on this basis for the farmers 
used in the tabulation was $492. In addition to this, the farmer 
had such products as milk, meat, butter, eggs, vegetables, fuel, 
a house to live in, etc., furnished by the farm, which according 
to the investigations by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
average $421 for each family. 



*This farm management Survey was made by W. W. Sylvester of Purdue 
University under the direction of GL I. Christie of the Agricultural Exten- 
sion Department of Purdue University. 



44 Jefferson County Survey 

Range in the Labor Income. While the average labor income 
for the seventy-one farmers was $492, there was a wide range of 
difference in the labor income of different farmers. The follow- 
ing chart shows the range of labor income of the seventy-one farms 
studied : 

TABLE XVI 

RANGE OF LABOR INCOME OF 71 TYPICAL JEFFERSON 
COUNTY FARMERS 



3600. 
3300_ 
3000. 
2700. 
2400. 
2100. 
1800. 
1500. 
1200 



900 

600 



-600. 
-900. 



The 



300___ average 

0. 

-300_ . the 71 



labor in- 
come for 



farmers 
was $492. 



Each star represents the labor income of one of 
71 farmers 



Subvey Data and Findings 



45 



Ten of the seventy-one farmers considered had an average 
labor income of $1,873, while fifteen of them made a minus labor 
income of $258; that is, if these fifteen men had to pay 5% interest 
on the money invested, they would have had to work a whole year 
for nothing and pay $258 besides. 

Analyzing the Farm Business. Since some of the farmers made 
their farms pay well, while others were unable to make any profit, 
the farm business was analyzed to determine the factor or the 
combination of factors which make the greatest profit for the 
farmer, and a comparison of the analyzed farms was made to 
show how the more successful farmers compare with the average 
and what factors make them more profitable. 

Good Volume of Business is Necessary to Obtain a Good Labor 
Income. In order to have a good labor income, it is necessary to 
have a sufficient volume of business. The volume of business in 
Jefferson County is measured almost entirely by the number of 
acres in the farm, and by the amount of livestock on the farm. 
With the common type of farming carried on in Jefferson County, 
it is difficult to get a large labor income from a small farm with 
a small amount of livestock. 

The 'Ten Most Profitable Farmers Had Large Farms. The ten 
most profitably successful farmers had larger farms than the 
average. They had an average of 238 acres, while the average 
farmer had only 174 acres. On a comparatively larger farm, 
labor and machinery can be utilized to better advantage. 



TABLE XVII 
RELATION OF SIZE OF FARM TO LABOR INCOME 



Acres in Farm 


No. of Farms 


Average Size 
of Farm 


Labor Income 


100 or less 

100 to 200 


16 
34 
21 


77 
139 
315 


$293 
407 
705 


Over 200 





The farmer with 100 acres or less had a labor income of '$293. 
The thirty-four farmers who had from 100 to 200 acres had a 
labor income of $407, while the twenty-one men who had over 200 
acres had a labor income of $705. 



46 Jefferson County Survey 

Small Farms Return More per Acre But Large Farms Return 
More per Man. On the small farms the returns per acre were 
greater than on large farms, while the returns per man were 
greater on the large than on the small farms. On the small 
farms, the net farm returns were $7.88 per acre and $701 per man, 
while the returns on the large farms were $4.60 per acre and 
$1,402 per man. The greater returns per acre on the small farms 
has led many people to believe that the small farm is the more 
profitable. 

The Ten Most Profitable Farms Had a Larger Amount of Stock. 
The ten most profitable farmers had a larger amount of stock 
than the average. In order to obtain the amount of livestock on 
one farm and to compare it with the livestock on another farm, 
it was necessary to have some unit of measuring stock. Investi- 
gation has determined that one cow, bull or steer, two young 
cattle, two colts, seven sheep, fourteen lambs, five hogs, ten pigs 
or one hundred chickens require about the same amount of feed, 
and each, therefore, is called an animal unit. In this way all the 
livestock on the farm can be measured by the animal unit and com- 
pared with the stock on another farm. On the ten farms having 
the highest labor income there were 26.1 animal units as compared 
with 14.1 animal units on the average farm. 

Of the twenty-five men who had less than nine animal units 
per farm, there was only one who made a labor income as high as 
$500 and the average for the twenty-five was $193. Twenty-one 
farmers had between 8 and 15.1 animal units and five of these only 
made over $500. The average of the twenty-one was $373. 
Twenty-five men had at least 15.2 animal units and fifteen of these 
had a labor income as high as $500 while their average labor in- 
come was $892. 

Quality of Livestock Highly Important. Not only did the farm- 
ers who had large labor incomes have more livestock, but they 
also had better livestock. The ten farmers with the largest profits 
received $76 per animal unit, while the average man received 
$68.80 per animal unit. The good stock returned $30.90 and the 
average stock $14.60 above the cost of food. 

Best Farmers Get Better Returns from the Feed. From every 
$100 worth of feed consumed by their productive livestock the ten 
most successful farmers received a return of $166 or $66 above 
the cost of feed, the feed used being figured at market prices. 
The average return per $100 worth of feed for seventy-one 
farmers was $126 or $26 above the cost of feed. 



Survey Data and Findings 



47 



TABLE XVIII 

RELATION OF RETURNS FROM $100 WORTH OF 
FEED TO LABOR INCOME 



Receipts per $100 
Worth of Feed 


Average Re- 
ceipts per 
$100 Feed 


No. of 
Farms 


Labor 
Income 


No. of Farms 

Making Over 

$500 


Less than $100 

100 to 140 

Over 140 


75 
118 
194 


24 
22 

25 


$199 
485 
887 


5 

8 

12 







Twenty-four farmers received less than $100 from their pro- 
ductive livestock in return for $100 worth of feed and their labor 
income was $199. Twenty-two farmers received between $100 
and $140 for their $100 worth of feed and their labor income was 
$485, while twenty-five farmers received over $140 for $100 worth 
of feed and their labor income was $887. 

Crop Yields are Larger on the Better Paying Farms. The ten 
most profitably successful farmers had better yields than the 
average farmer. They grew as much on eighty acres as the aver- 
age man grew on 100 acres. 



TABLE XIX 
RELATION OF CROP YIELDS TO LABOR INCOME 



Per Cent Yields are 

of Average Yields 

of Community 


Average Per Cent 
Yields are of 
Community 


No. of 
Farms 


Labor 
Income 


No. of Farms 

Making Over 

$500 


80 and less 


64 

95 

133 


23 

27 
21 


$180 
581 
721 


4 


81-115 


8 


Over 115 


13 







The twenty-three men whose yields were only 80% or less as 
good as those of the average had a labor income of $180 and only 
four of the twenty-three made $500 or over. The twenty-seven 
men whose yields were between 81% and 115% as good as the 
average had a labor income of $581, and of these eight made $500 
or over, while the twenty-one men with crop yields over 115% 



48 Jeffeeson County Survey 

of the average had a labor income of $721, and of these thirteen 
made $500 or over. 

Well Balanced Farms are the Most Profitable. On the well 
balanced farm all the factors are equally strong, that is, the size 
of the farm, the amount of livestock and crop yields. On the 
well balanced farm, there is team work of various factors all pull- 
ing in the same direction, while on an unbalanced farm there may 
be one factor highly developed, but at the expense to other factors. 

TABLE XX 

RELATION OF WELL BALANCED FARM TO THE 
LABOR INCOME 

No. of Labor 

Farms Income 

Above average in no factor. . . . : 17 $147 

Above average in one factor 16 211 

Above average in two factors 19 536 

Above average in three factors 14 636 

Above average in all four factors 5 1 , 992 

The five farmers who had their farms well developed along all 
lines had a large labor income of $1,992 and all of them made 
over $1,100. Some of the men in other groups may have been 
much stronger in one or two lines, but they were weak in some 
particular line, making a less well balanced farm, with a resulting 
lower labor income. 

Summary and Conclusions 

1. Profit from the farm depends largely upon its manage- 
ment. This conclusion can be drawn from the fact that these 
records were taken in a county where the farmers had similar 
conditions such as weather, markets, etc. 

2. To make a good labor income it is necessary to have suffi- 
cient volume of business and of good quality. The volume of 
business in Jefferson County with the common type of farming 
carried on is measured largely by the size of the farm and the 
amount of stock on the farm. The average man has considerable 
difficulty in making a large labor income where the volume of bus- 
iness is small. The returns from live stock and the crop yields 
are probably the best index to the quality of the business. 

3. The most profitable farmers in Jefferson County operate 
comparatively large farms and had more and better livestock. 
They also had 20% better yields of crops than the average farmer. 

4. A well balanced farm, according to the Survey, seems to be 



Suevey Data and Findings 49 

rather highly important for a large labor income. The farm that 
is well balanced has to be equally strong in the size of the farm, 
the crop yields, amount of stock and returns from stock. In order 
to make a good labor income farmers should not spend all their 
effort in trying to develop only one of the four important factors 
on the farm. It is more profitable to spend the effort in develop- 
ing all four of the important factors, size, crop yields, amount of 
stock and returns from livestock. 

5. Tile drainage seems to be highly necessary in various sec- 
tions of the county in order to increase the crop yields. A demon- 
stration, in tile draining probably would show the importance of 
proper drainage and increase the farm yields. 

6. Keeping simple records of farm business, summarizing and 
analyzing them is probably the best guide to successful farming. 
These records need not be very elaborate and need not require 
more than about 10 or 20 minutes of the farmer's time per week. 
From the summary of these records the farmer can usually deter- 
mine what changes can be made in the farm business which pro- 
mise a larger net income. 

TABLE XXI 

SUGGESTION FOR MAKING A COMPARISON OF 

FARMS IN JEFFERSON COUNTY, 1916 

Ten Best 

Your Ave. of Paying 

Farm 71 Farms Farms 

Labor Income $ $492 $1,873 

Size- 
Total Acres 174 283 

Acres in Crops 60 . 70 

Total Receipts 1,710 3,762 

Total Expense 725 1,301 

Animal Units 14.1 26.1 

Quality — 
Livestock Receipts per Ani- 
mal Unit $ 68.80 76 

Livestock Receipts per $100 

Worth of Feed 126.00 166 

Per Cent Yields of Crops Are 

of Average Community % 100% 120% 

Yield of Corn per Acre bu. 33.8 bu. 39.7 bu. 

Yield of Wheat per Acre bu. 11.9 bu. 16.7 bu. 

Yield of Hay per Acre tons 1 . 3 tons 1.3 tons 

Yield of Tobacco per Acre lbs. 1 ,249 lbs. 1 ,479 lbs. 

Diversity — 
Animal Units per Ten Acres 

of Land .8 1,1 



50 Jefferson County Survey 

(4) Soil Survey of Jefferson County* 

A soil survey was made of Jefferson County in order to ascer- 
tain the relative area in need of lime. Samples were collected from 
various parts of the county with the idea in mind of taking samples 
which would give a fair average of each soil type represented. 

A short discussion may be necessary concerning the geological 
formations from which these soils have been derived, since the 
character and composition of the original rock has a great effect 
upon acidity. 

The county is underlaid with limestones and shales. Begin- 
ning with the lowest and oldest they are as follows: 

Utica shales 

Lorraine limestone 

The Hudson river group, limestone and shales 

Niagara limestone 

Corniferous limestone 

New Albany shales. 

In the eastern part of the county are found the Utica shales, 
Lorraine limestone and the Hudson river group of limestones 
and shales. These three groups contain more or less shale that 
are easily worn and weather rapidly. The Niagara limestone 
forms the underlying rock for a narrow strip about eight miles 
wide running north and south through the county. This 
group, which is a very hard limestone, is responsible for the upland 
region of this country. Above the Niagara is found the Cornif- 
erous limestone and above that the New- Albany shales. These 
black slatey shales underly the soils of the western part of the 
county. 

A soil survey of this area was made by L. C. Ward and reported 
in the 32nd Annual Report of the Indiana State Department of 
Geology and Natural Resources. This report gives five principal 
soil types: 

Volusia silt loam 161 square miles 

Limestone, upland 126 " 

Miami silt loam 41 " 

Waverly silt and gravely silt loam 13 " 

Scottsburg silt loam 19 " 



*This soil survey was made by E. T. Kirkendall under the general super- 
vision of Gr. I. Christie, Superintendent of Agricultural Extension, Purdue 
University. 



Survey Data and Findings 



51 



The Miami silt loam is perhaps entirely of glacial origin, the 
Waverly silt and gravely loam have been laid down by the present 
rivers, while the remaining three types have been derived from 
the weathering of the underlying rock and affected more or less 
by glacial and loesel action. 

The accompanying map, Figure 1, shows the location or sec- 
tions of the county from which the samples analyzed for acidity 
were taken. Table XXII gives the results reported by the Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, together with the location of the 
samples by section, township and range. 



TABLE XXII 

REPORT OF ANALYSES FOR ACIDITY OF JEFFERSON 
COUNTY SOILS 



Sample 


Location 


Surface Six 


Subsoil 12 to 


No. 




Inches 


18 Inches 


1 


S. E. %S. 14, T. 3,N. R. 9, E. 


Neutral 


Slightly acid 


2 


N. W. M S. 24, T. 3, N. R. 9, E. 


Slightly acid 


Slightly acid 


3 


S. E. %S. 23, T. 3,N. R. 9, E. 


Medium acid 


Extremely acid 


4 


S. E. K S. 33, T. 3, N. R. 9, E. 


Very acid 


Extremely acid 


5 


S. E. MS.31,T.3,N. R. 9, E. 


Neutral 


Neutral 


6 


S. E. MS.31,T.3,N. R. 9, E. 


Extremely acid 


Extremely acid 


7 


N. W. H S. 18, T. 3, N. R. 10, E. 


Neutral 


Neutral 


8 


N. W. J4 S. 18, T. 3, N. R. 10, E. 


Neutral 


Neutral 


9 


S. E. MS. 13, T.4.N. R. 9, E. 


Medium acid 


Extremely acid 


10 


S. E. \i S. 29, T. 5, N. R. 10, E. 


Very acid 


Extremely acid 


11 


S. W. M S. 11, T. 5, N. R. 10, E. 


Very acid 


Extremely acid 


12 


S. W. Yi S. 30, T. 4, N. R. 11, E. 


Slightly acid 


Medium acid 


13 


N. W. M S. 30, T. 4, N. R. 11, E. 


Slightly acid 


Extremely acid 


14 


N. W. M S. 9, T. 3, N. R. 9, E. 


Medium acid 


Slightly acid 


15 


S. W. M S. 18, T. 3, N. R. 9, E. 


Medium acid 


Extremely acid 


16 


S. W. M S. 31, T. 4, N. R. 9, E. 


Slightly acid 


Extremely acid 



Considering the samples taken to represent a fair average of 
the soil types as reported by Mr. Ward, and previously men- 
tioned in this report, the following table will show the need of 
lime in Jefferson County: 



52 



Jefferson County Survey 



Soil Type 


No. of 
Samples 


Total 
Area 


Number 
Neutral 


Square 

Miles 

Slightly 

Acid 


Very 
Acid 


Ex- 
tremely 
Acid 


Volusia silt loam 

Limestone upland 


8 
3 
2 
2 
1 
16 


161 

126 

41 

19 

13 

360 


40 

42 


40 

84 


61 


20 




41 


Scottsburg silt loam 

Waverly silt loam 

Total 


13 

95 
26.4 


9 


10 




133 
36.9 


71 
19.7 


41 


Per cent of area 


17 











From this table it may be seen that about three-fourths of 
the county, half of which is very sour, is in need of lime. 

The Volusia silt loam ranges from neutral to extremely acid 
and only one-fourth of this was reported as neutral. 

The soil on the Limestone Upland, while derived in part from 
limestone, still shows two-thirds of the area to be slightly acid. 

The Waverly silt and gravely loam, which comprises the bot- 
tom land of the county, is the only soil type that needs no lime. 

It would probably be safe to say that practically all the soil 
classified as Scottsburg silt loam and Miami silt loam is in need of 
lime. The latter type contains the sourest soils in the county. 

The following list contains the Experiment Station's recom- 
mendations for the limestone needed for the samples analyzed: 

Neutral Soils: 

Samples Nos. 1, 5, 7, 8. 

Do not need any limestone. 

Only Slightly Acid Soils and Subsoils: 
Samples Nos. 2, 12, 13, 14, 16. 

Would probably be improved by limestone. In grow- 
ing alfalfa apply at least two tons per acre. 

Very Acid Soils: 

Samples Nos. 3, 4, 9, 15. 

Should by all means have two tons of limestone per acre 
for general crops. 



Survey Data and Findings 



53 



Extremely Acid Soils: 

Samples Nos. 6, 10, 11. 

Should have not less than three or four tons of lime- 
stone per acre. 

In addition, whether lime is applied or not, all acid soils need 
liberal fertilization with acid phosphate. 



Figures "Refer to 
Location of 
Sampl 




SoilMap 
of 
Jefferson Count t/. 

Copied from the 

32 Annual Report of the 

State Geologist. 



lamawau .Loam. 
Limestone Qpland 
\A/aVerluf Silt Loam 
|U Volusta Silt Loam 
ScoHsburg Silt Loam 



Figure I-! 



Soil map of Jefferson County showing location of all different 
kinds of soils in county and [places from which the samples 
analyzed were taken. 



54 



Jefferson County Survey 



(5) Distribution and Adaptability of the Several Varieties 
of land in Jefferson County 

The maps included in this report, (Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
10, and 11) were prepared under the direction of Professor Culbert- 
son from the geological survey of Jefferson County which he made 
for the 1916 report of the State Geologist. Four varieties of 
lands with regard to topography and soil characteristics are treated 
in this study and are represented respectively in the Flats, Rolling 
Upland, Hillsides, and Bottoms. The "adaptability" of each 
kind of land to the production of various crops is indicated on the 
maps of a scale of 1 and 2. Adaptability of "one" means that 
the crop may be raised under ordinary conditions with sufficient 
profit to justify its cultivation. Adaptability of "two" means 
that the crop will under ordinary conditions pay its way but with- 
out promise of much profit. It is understood that the adapta- 
bility of these several varieties of land may be radically changed 
by drainage and soil culture. The location of all rural schools 
and the granges is also indicated on the maps. 

The county contains approximately 363 square miles of which 
a total of 10 square miles comprise river and creek bottoms; 
110 square miles comprise hillside land, 200 square miles com- 
prise rolling uplands, and 43 square miles comprise what is locally 
known as "flats" or "slosh land." The following table indicates 
the relative adaptability of these varieties of lands to the growing 
of crops and to other activities. 

TABLE XXIII 

KINDS OF LAND AND ADAPTABILITY TO PRODUCE 
VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS 



Group 1 



Bottom Land 


Hillside Land 


Upland 


Flats 


Corn 


Corn 


Tomatoes 


Red Top 


Wheat 


Clover 


Orchards 


Tomatoes 


Oats 


Alfalfa 


Berries 


Berries 


Timothy 


Tobacco 


Poultry 


Sunflowers 


Alfalfa 


Raspberries 






Clover 


Gooseberries 






Tobacco 


Bees 






Bees 


Dairying 






Sunflowers 


Poultry 







Market Gardening Market Gardening 



Survey Data and Findings 



55 



Group II . 



Bottom Land 


Hillside Land Upland 


Flats 


Orchards 


Strawberries Corn 


Timothy 


Berries 


Blackberries Wheat 


Dairying 


Dairying 


Medicinal Plants Timothy 


Poultry 


Poultry 


Clover 
Red Top 
Berries 

Dairying 





The following maps of the several townships in the county 
show the different kinds of land in each township, the exact loca- 
tion and proportion of each kind of land, also the location of each 
school house. 



56 



Jefferson County Survey 



HANOVER TOWNSHIP 







[Figure II 



Survey Data and Findings 



57 



SALUDA TOWNSHIP 



























£ 
a 




c 

^0 



00 



Figure III 



58 



Jefferson County Survey 



REPUBLICAN TOWNSHIP 




Figure IVJ 



Survey Data and Findings 
GRAHAM TOWNSHIP 



59 




£ 5chool-Hou.se 
W Crra.r\oe 



2% 




bottom 







Figure V. 



60 



Jefferson County Survey 



SMYRNA TOWNSHIP 




2S7„ 
T/at 



Figure VI, 



Suevey Data and Findings 



61 



LANCASTER TOWNSHIP 




£ ScWl -Ho^&c 



Figure VII 



62 



Jefferson County Survey 



MONROE TOWNSHIP 



YV- 




20% 
T/ats 



GO% 

Tilling 

Uplawis 

£ Ot-Wool - Howsc 



Figure VIII 



Survey Data and Findings 



63 



SHELBY TOWNSHIP 




Figure IX 



64 



Jefferson County Survey 



MADISON TOWNSHIP 




Figure X 



Survey Data and Findings 
MILTON TOWNSHIP 



65 




Figure XI 



66 



Jefferson County Survey 



(6) Decrease in Population 

Tables XXIV and XXV give the census figures for 1890, 1900 
and 1910 and the school enumeration for the last ten years. 
These show a gradual decline in population for the county and 
city of Madison for these periods. 



TABLE XXIV 
REPORT OF U. S. CENSUS 

Total Population 

Population Population Outside City of 

Census of of County City of Madison Madison 

1890 24,507 8,936 15,571 

1900 22,913 7,835 15,078 

1910 20,483 6,934 13,549 

Percentage of Loss in 20 Years 

County 16.2 

Madison 22 . 4 

Rural 12.9 



TABLE XXV 
ENUMERATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN 



Rural 
For Year Children 

1896 

1900 

1902 

1904 4,122 

1906 4,082 

1908 3,903 

1910.. .- 3,982 

1912 3,736 

1914 3,615 

1915 3,547 



City 
Children 



2,845 
2,729 

2,091 
1,973 
1,983 
1,866 



Total for 
Entire 
County 
7,417 
7,089 
6,994 
6,967 
6,811 



6,073 
5,709 
5,598 
5,413 



Survey Data and Findings 67 

(7) Jefferson County Mortgage Burden 

The following table shows, the mortgage burden in Jefferson 
County. 

TABLE XXVI 

Total number of farms in 1910 1 ,917 

Mortgaged for debt 755 

Not reporting 10 

Not mortgaged 1 , 206 

Per cent of land encumbered . 39^ % 

Unemcumbered 6O3 % 

Total value of land and improvements $7 , 735 , 640 

Total amount of encumbrance 465,594 

Total mortgage, 7.9% of total valuation. 



(8) Sociological Conditions 

Table XXVII shows the number of farms in the county oper- 
ated by owners and renters. These facts were obtained from the 
State Statistician's report for 1915. The other items in the 
table were obtained from careful estimates made by several "key 
men" in each township who were thoroughly familiar with con- 
ditions. In grading the sociological status of farm-hand families, 
the matter of health, morals, intelligence, housing, food and 
clothing were considered. 



68 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE XXVII 
SOCIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 





Han- 


Sal- 


Re- 


Gra- 


Smyr 


Lan- 


Mon- 


Shel- 


Mad- 


Mil- 


♦ 


over 


uda 


pub- 
lican 


ham 


na 


cas- 
ter 


roe 


by 


ison 


ton 


Number of farms oper- 
ated by owners 

Number operated by 


94 
1 
1 






190 





15 


109 

7 


7 


10 


213 

20 





20 
12 


164 

10 



4 

6 
6 


194 

10 





10 
10 


218 

13 

5 

7 

1 
15 


280 

12 

1 

10 

1 
30 


380 
30 
15 
10 

5 
30 


263 
12 


Non-resident owners 
living in township.... 

Non-resident owners 
living in county 

Non-resident owners 
living outside the 



11 

1 


Number farm hand 





Number farm hand 




families in good soc- 










6 


8 

2 


10 
2 
3 

15 


22 
30 

8 
22 

8 






Number same in fair 




10 

5 

10 

5 


10 


12 


30 




Number same in poor 






Source of farm labor — 




7 
3 


12 


5 


10 


20 
10 




American born — out- 










2 
18 
80 


1 

1 
19 
80 








Number farms having 
first class improve- 


5 
15 

80 


5 
15 
80 


5 
15 
80 


5 
15 
80 


5 
20 
75 


1 
24 
75 


5 
30 
65 


2 




15 




83 


Per cent of farmers 




effort to improve 
professionally 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 



2. AGENCIES FOR RURAL BETTERMENT 

(1) The Jefferson County Grange 

The two most important agencies working for the betterment 
of agricultural conditions are the granges and the public schools. 
Reference to Table XXVIII reveals the facts that five granges 
have been organized in the county at such points as to cover the 
entire county fairly well. Four of these organizations are in a 
healthy condition. One has lapsed on account of the indifference 
of its membership. The table shows the total membership of the 
other four, the number of farm families reached, the frequency of 
meetings, the effort at co-operation in buying of certain commod- 



Survey Data and Findings 69 

ities, the nature of the agricultural topics discussed in the regular 
meetings, and the number and character of special institutes held. 
The instruction in these institutes is given by members of the 
State Farmer's Institute force. Possibly the chief contribution 
of the grange is of a social character, since they provide a means 
of social intercourse and develop a healthy community pride and 
class consciousness. The information set forth was obtained from 
the masters of the granges. The exact location of these granges 
is shown on the township maps indicating the different varieties 
of land found in the county. See Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 
and 11. 



70 



Jefferson County Survey 



GO 
O 

o 

P 
O 

o 

o 

GO 

<A 

1-5. 
W 



i> 

X 
X 

PQ 
«i 

H 





w d tab 


1/1 




?od 










sh +? -a 






* ™ D 


O 





CD d 




■* <N 


M .9 



sc fl o 



O o3 

•go 



r-l O N d 



9 N 
* 3 



<rt d 
O 



O D 



3 <D 
•J". ,0 



o3 bo +? 

«M rt 03 
O +? 15 



™ c3 d P 3 "43 

- g g a - 



o > 



U5S 

03 ® fl 
n ^^ 

a> a) +=> 
d !> o3 

d cd _. 

f/) 03 CO 

J2 o3 to 

r] —• P 
I >*. % 



^ QJ H 

as -p y ■ 

H p — 

8 « »• 



d 

ha 



.3 d g w> 
>> ? 3 g 

d ti® J8 



M o3 ,d 

S ® £? 
Sag 



-p d ® 
,d d 03 o 
te- r^ d 



Survey Data and Findings 71 

(2) Present Conditions and Work of the Public Schools 
of the County 

(a) Attendance, Withdrawals and Length of School Term 

The status of the rural schools of the county is presented in 
part by an exhibit of statistics of attendance, enrollment, with- 
drawals, graduation and class schedules of all the schools of the 
county outside the city of Madison covering the five-year period 
from 1911 to 1915-16. The data as relates to enumeration, en- 
rollment, and attendance were gathered from the records in the 
office of the County Superintendent of Schools. The statistics of 
withdrawals were compiled from investigations of the personal 
history of all the children who have been enrolled in the rural 
schools of this county during the last five years. The data 
relating to recitation periods were compiled from the "recitation 
programs" of the schools for the last year and involve an examina- 
tion of all school records available in the county outside Madison. 

Table XXIX comprises the average annual enumeration of 
school children, the average annual enrollment in the grades, the 
average annual enrollment in high school, the average annual 
attendance of minors at college, and the total number of individ- 
uals who have been enrolled in the grades for the five-year period. 

Table XXX contains a result of the study of the withdrawals 
from the grades in the rural schools. Those reported as with- 
drawn on account of disciplinary trouble were children whose 
presence in school was so clearly detrimental that they were dis- 
missed or "frozen out." Those reported as lacking capacity were 
adjudged by the investigators as true cases of sub-normality. It 
is significant that the number who withdrew on account of eco- 
nomic strain is so small. It is also extremely significant that 
almosl thirty per cent of the total losses were on account of indif- 
ference. The enormous shifting of population, as shown by the 
withdrawals on account of removal, was very surprising in view 
of the supposed stationary character of the population of "purely 
rural" counties. This suggests a fairly insurmountable obstacle 
to the administration of a constructive program in the rural 
schools of this county. 

Table XXXI reveals in another comparison the shifting char- 
acter of the school population, the failure of the school to main- 
tain the legal school term and the exceptionally high per cent of 
common school graduates who enter high school. 

Table XXXII shows the average length of recitation periods 



72 



Jefferson County Survey 



of each of the grades for all the schools of the several townships, 
and was compiled from the recitation programs followed in the 
schools last year. The advantage of the consolidated school over 
the one-room school in this respect is very clearly revealed. 

Tables XXXIII and XXXIV are submitted to show the rel- 
ative attention paid by the several townships to their schools in 
the way of support. The connection between school maintenance 
and the road and bridge problem of the hill country, the impos- 
sibility of greatly increasing the school budget in view of the 
almost prohibitive tax rate prevailing, are serious aspects of the 
situation. Highways and schools present the only avenue in 
which much discretion is granted to local officials. Good roads 
are necessary to a sound rural development. The improvement 
of the schools, therefore, is conditioned on such improvements in 
methods of road construction and repair as will reduce the burden 
of road taxation and permit a corresponding increase of school 
support. 

TABLE XIX 
SCHOOLS ATTENDED 



Township 


Average 
Enumera- 
tion 


Average 
Enrollment 
in Grades 


Average 

Enrollment 

in High 

School 


Average 

Number 

Minors in 

College 


Total 
Number 
Persons 
Enrolled 
in Last 5 

Years 


Hanover 

Saluda 


296 
416 
251 
355 
204 
339 
335 
361 
779 
367 


106 
335 
175 
221 
127 
201' 
235 
268 
446 
367 


31 
28 
25 
25 
30 
40 
25 
50 
74 
40 


14 
1 

1 


336 
703 


Republican 

Graham 


317 
383 


Smyrna 


1 
2 


215 


Lancaster 

Monroe 


525 

447 


Shelby 


1 
3 
1 


566 


Madison 

Milton 


877 
463 






County 


3,703 


2,481 


368 


24 


4,832 



Survey Data and Findings 



73 



.-J 
O 
O 

w 
o 

m 

O 

& 

W. 

< 

< 

Q 
W 
H 



X! 
X 
X 

H 

PQ 
«! 
H 



c3 

03 

03 



(73 



Total 

Number 

Withdrawals 


M»aNioMO)NHco 

COin*^(MHOO»lOM 
TfHNHNHHNM 


05 

o 

CM 


0) 
Ml 

s 


O'-iOOOOOOOO 


i-H 


-d 
CD 

Q 


(NOMiMOtHi-HOiHO 


o 


Removal 

from 
Township 


-fcOOCD'O'-lCOGiCO^ 

co ■-< o> >o ■* t-^ co n<ro 

CO rt rt i-H <M r-l 


CO 

CO 


O ts 

d fc. 
o ■*= 

H 


UJHtOWOlBMtOMH 


CO 


CD 

w 


OWN^HBOOIWH 


CO 
CM 


Incapacity 


O^OH^oONOOfltO 

CO ^H rH H 


LO 

05 


I.S 


loionofiHO'O'fH 

1— t 


10 

CO 


d tn 

3 cd 

o 83 

O ^3 


COCOO-^HCOMOOOtOCO 
OiCOt-CDCN-tfOOOO 


01 

CM 

CO 


ft 
2 
d 
o 


> 
z 
f 

re 

w 


s 

- 

n 


c 

a 

H 

03 


s 

re 
re 




(S 

d 
> 
B 

X 


CD 
+= 

re 

e, 
d 

re 


03 

O 
h 
F 

O 


> 

- 
X 


F 

c 
a 

a 
< 


d 
| 

3 




> 

■p 

~< 

5 
o 
O 





74 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE XXXI 
WITHDRAWALS, GRADUATION, ETC 



Township 


Total 
Number 

New 
Pupils 
Ad- 
mitted in 
5 Years 


Total 
Number 

Eighth 
Grade 
Gradu- 
ates 


Total 
Number 
Eighth 
Grade 
Enter- 
ing 
High 
School 


Total 

Number 

Pupils 

Enrolled 

Last 
5 Years 


Total 
Number 
Persons 
With- 
drawn 
Last 5 
Years 


Average 

Number 

Days 

School 

per 

Year 


Number 

Class 
Room 


Hanover 

Saluda 

Republican 

Graham 


192 
465 
178 
203 
110 
405 
265 
372 
538 
249 


42 
67 
48 
46 
35 
57 
68 
39 
148 
68 


39 
49 
44 
44 
30 
51 
25 
31 
146 
40 


336 
703 
317 
283 
215 
525 
447 
566 
877 
463 


82 
453 
149 
247 
125 
213 
189 
137 
351 
233 


118. 

114.2 

115.4 

119. 

117.4 

130.4 

116. 

118.4 

117. 

111. 


6 
13 

9 
10 

6 


Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelby 

Madison 

Milton 


10 
9 
14 
IS 
11 


County 


2,977 


618 


499 


4,732 


2,179 


117.7 


100 



TABLE XXXII 
LENGTH OF RECITATION PERIODS IN MINUTES 

(a) District Schools 



Township 


First 
Grade 


Sec- 
ond 
Grade 


Tliird 
Grade 


Fourth 
Grade 


Fifth 
Grade 


Sixth 
Grade 


Sev- 
enth 
Grade 


Eighth 
Grade 




15 

11 
10 
10 


15 

12.8 
11 
10 


15 
10 
12 
15 


15 
15 
12 
15 


15 
15 
12 
15 


15 
15 
13 
15 


15 

15 
15 
15 


15 


Saluda 

Republican 


15 
15 


Graham 


15 


Smyrna 




Lancaster 


11.5 


10 


13.7 


12 


13.8 


13 


13.8 


1 5 5 


Monroe 




Madison 

Milton 


9.2 
10 
9 


10 
10 
9.5 


12.2 
12 
9.5 


12.2 
12 ' 
9.5 


13 . 5 
15 
9.5 


14 

11.3 
9.5 


15 
13 
9 . 5 


15 
15 
9 . 5 



Hanover. 
( Jraha m . 
Madison. 



(b) Consolidated Schools 






25 


25 


19.15 


20.3 


20.3 


21.6 


21.6 


15 


18 


18 


17 


18 


18.5 


22 5 


17.5 


16.5 


14 


25 


25 


20 


20 



(c) Average Length of Recitation Period by Grades 

For one-room district 
schools 



In the consolidated 
schools 



10.7 
19.2 



11 
23.2 



12.4 
17.2 



12.8 
8.20 



13.6 
19.4 



13.2 

21.7 



13.9 
23 



21.6 

21.3 
25 



14.4 
23.6 



Stjkvey Data and Findings 75 

(b) Qualifications and Efficiency of Rural Teachers in 
Jefferson County 

The chief factor in a school situation is always the efficiency 
of the teacher. The present status of the rural schools of this 
county is necessarily determined largely by the professional char- 
acter of the teachers employed. The future development of the 
schools is limited almost completely by the possibility of develop- 
ing the teachers. Therefore, a considerable part of the time and 
energy of the investigation of the schools was devoted to a study 
of the teaching force of the county. The results portrayed in 
Tables 33 to 39, inclusive, require little analysis. The infor- 
mation presented therein was obtained from the teachers them- 
selves in answer to the questionaire incorporated herewith as a 
part of the report. Ninety-eight of the one hundred six rural 
teachers of the county responded to this request. The failure of 
the other eight to reply apparently was due to profound indiffer- 
ence, which itself is significant. Data concerning grade teachers 
only have been included in the tables. 

Table XXXIII presents the intellectual and professional at- 
tainments of the 85 grade teachers, as measured by the grade of 
license held. It is interesting to note that of the 312 certificates 
held by these teachers at different times 203 were for the mini- 
mum period and only 22 for the highest grade. It is also interest- 
ing to observe that of the 85 teachers employed last year 39 hold 
the twelve months certificate, while six had no license in force at 
at the time of replying to the questionaire. 

Table XXXIV reveals that of the 85 grade teachers employed 
last year, 16 were teaching their first school and 13 their second 
school. In other words, more than 34% had little or no experi- 
ence. The most significant feature of this table is the exhibit in 
the last two columns showing the rapid shifting of teachers from 
school to school, evidencing the utter impossibilitjr of obtaining 
the effective continuity of work outside or inside the school room, 
the more so under the present lack of supervised instruction. 
This table suggests the futility of any effective constructive cam- 
paign through the schools. 

Table XXXV represents the academic training of the teachers. 
By a "unit" of study is meant the pursuit of a subject in daily 
recitations for a period of three months. Almost 13% have had 
no high school education, while 21% have not progressed beyond 
the second year of high school. Only 17 have had the inspira- 



76 



Jeffekson County Survey 



tion of college study and these for less than one term, on the 
average. 

Table XXXVI is an exhibit of professional training of the 85 
grade teachers reporting. Of these 85, fourteen have had no 
professional training, and only 32 teachers have had more than 
two terms of normal work. It is significant, in connection with 
the introduction of instruction in agriculture and domestic sci- 
ence in the rural schools, that of the 85 teachers only 27 have had 
as much as six weeks study in agriculture since leaving the high 
school, and 29 have had an only equal amount of domestic science. 
An examination of the high school training of these teachers will 
show that few of them had either subject in high school. Yet 
all of these 85, save six, are licensed to teach both subjects. Fifty- 
five of the 85 teachers have had country experience, most of them 
altogether. It is clear that most of them will teach, not scientific 
agriculture or domestic science, but the things which they learned 
by rote on the home farm. One may inquire what prospects of 
betterment is offered by these teachers. 



TABLE XXXIII 
AGE AND LICENSES OF TEACHERS IN THE GRADES 











Number 












of each grade 


Number 










of license which 


of each grade of 




High- 


Low- 


Med- 


has been held by 


license held by teach- 


Township 


est 


est 


ium 


the teachers 


ers of township in 




age 


age 


a,ge 


employed in the 
townships 


force at this time 




12 


24 


36 


12 


24 


36 












mo. 


mo. 


mo. 


mo. 


mo. 


mo. 


None 




41 

50 

28 


20 
20 
18 


24 
29 
24 


5 
21 
12 


3 

10 

3 


1 
4 



3 

4 
5 


1 

2 
1 


1 
3 









1 


Republican 


1 


Graham 


32 
50 


20 
20 


25 
25 


15 

18 


7 
3 




2 


3 
3 


3 
1 



2 


1 


Smyrna 





Lancaster 


48 
46 
40 
69 
53 


21 

18 
18 
22 
20 


24 
33 
24 
34 
30 


10 
24 
30 
42 
26 


2 
19 
21 
13 

6 


2 
4 
1 
6 
2 


5 
3 
4 
3 
6 


1 
1 
6 
3 
2 


1 

4 
1 

7 
2 


1 


Monroe 





Shelby 





Madison 


2 


.Milton 











203 


87 


22 


39 


21 


21 


6 



Survey Data and Findings 



77 



TABLE XXXIV 
TEACHING EXPERIENCE 



' 






Number 




Average 


Average 
Number 




Number 


Number 


Having 


Average 


Number 


Years 




Having C 


Having 12 


More Than 


Number 


Different 


Each 


Township 


Months 


Months 


Than 12 


Months 


Schools 


Teacher 




Exper- 


Exper- 


Months 


Exper- 


Taught 


Has 




ience 


ience 


Exper- 
ience 


ience 


Last 5 
Years 


Taught in 

Her Last 

School 




1 
1 
3 




4 



5 
6 
4 


53 

11 
22 


1.8 
2.3 
2 


2.6 




1.9 




1.4 




2 

1 


1 

2 


4 
3 


24 
40 


2 

2.6 


1 




1 




2 

3 


1 
2 
1 


5 
5 
6 


35 
63 
35 


2.75 

2.4 

1.7 


1.5 




1.7 


Shelby 


1.8 





3 



2 


13 
5 


101 

28 


2 
1.7 


3 


Milton 


1.7 






County Averages. 


16 


13 


56 


41.2 


1.76 


1.76 



TABLE XXXV 
ACADEMIC TRAINING OF GRADE TEACHERS 







Number of 












Average 


Teachers Who 




Average 


Number 






Number 


Attended Hig 


h 


Number 


Having 4 


Average 


Township 


Years 


School 




Years 


or More 


Number 




Study in 
the Grades 






High 
School 


Units 
College 


College 














Units 









1 


2 


3 


4 


Study 


Credit 


1 






yr. 


yr. 


yr. 


yi'. 


yr. 








Hanover 


S.2 








1 


l 


3 


3.4 


4 


9 


Saluda 


8.7 


3 








2 


6 


2.7 


2 


4 


Republican 


8.2 





1 





1 


5 


3.4 


1 


1.4 


Graham 


8.4 





1 





1 


5 


3.4 








Smyrna 


8.3 


1 








1 


4 


3 


1 


4 


Lancaster 


8.6 














8 


4 


1 


2.5 


Monroe 


8.3 


3 





1 





3 


2 








Shelby 


8.6 


1 


1 





4 


5 


3 


4 


4.6 




8 


2 








3 


9 


3.4 


3 


1.6 


Milton 


8.3 


1 





2 





7 


3.4 


1 


2.4 






11 


1 


\ 


1S 






17 




Average for 




















county 


8.76 












3.17 




2.95 



78 



Jefferson County Survey 



TABLE XXXVI 
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF GRADE TEACHERS 

(85 teachers reporting) 





Num- 










Aver- 


Number 






ber 


Num- 








age 


Having 6 


Aver- 




Hav- 


ber 


Num- 






Num- 


Weeks or 


age 




ing 


Hav- 


ber 


Hav- 


More 


ber 


More 


Num- 


Township 


Some 
Amount 


ing 

No 


Hav- 
ing 4 


ing 8 
Units 


than 

8 


Units 
Pro- 




ber 








School 




of 


Train- 


Units 




Units 


fes- 


Agri- 


Do- 


Jour- 




Train- 


ing 








sional 


cul- 


mestic 


nals 




ing 










Train- 
ing 


ture 
ence 


Sci. 


Read 




5 

9 

. 6 


1 
2 







1 


3 

4 
4 


2 
5 
1 


11 

11.3 
6.9 


1 
5 

2 


1 
5 
2 


2 8 




•> 2 


Republican 


2.3 


Graham 


G 


1 


1 


3 


2 


' 7.6 


2 


2 


2.7 


Smyrna 


6 





1 


2 


3 


10.5 


2 


3 


3.5 


Lancaster 


7 


1 


1 


2 


4 


9.3 


2 


3 


2 


Monroe 


4 


3 


1 


1 


2 


5.1 


3 


5 


2.S 


Shelby 


9 


2 


6 


1 


2 


7.1 


3 


2 


2.8 


Madison 


9 


4 





1 


S 


20.3 


2 


3 


4.4 


Milton. 


10 





3 


4 


3 


S.4 


5 


3 


2 7 






County 


71 


14 


14 


2.5 


32 




27 


29 




Average for the 
































9.75 






2 82 





















(c) Amount and Kind of Instruction in Elementary Agriculture 
and Domestic Science Given in the Rural School of the 
■ County* t 

Tables XXXVII and XXXVIII portray the character and 
amount of instruction in the practical arts subjects, agriculture 
and domestic science, which these teachers report. In the first 
place about one-half only of the teachers to which the vocational 
law applies are complying with the law so far as can he determined 
from the claim which they submit. It is not likely that they have 
underestimated the amount of work done. 



*Section V of Indiana Vocational Law requires all schools of the state to give 
instruction in Elementary Agriculture and Elementary Domestic Science as a part 
of their regular course of instruction as the State Board of Education may direct. 



Sukvey Data and Findings 



79 



TABLE XXXVII 
INSTRUCTION IN AGRICULTURE IN THE GRADED 
SCHOOLS OF THE COUNTY 



Township 


Number 

Teachers 

in Charge of 

Grades 

5 to 8* 


Agriculture 

Number of Teachers 

Giving Instruction 

in the Subject in 

Grades 


Average Total 
Number Minutes 

per Week in 

Agriculture Given 

by Those Who 

Are Teaching 

Subject 


Number 
Teachers 
Having 
County 




5 


6 


7 


8 




Hanover. ....... 


4 

11 

6 

6 

6 

7 

9 

13 

8 

11 




1 


1 
1 




i 
i 




1 


2 
2 
2 

1 
1 


1 

5 
4 
4 
2 
5 
3 
5 
7 
6 


1 

1 

3 

4 
6 

7 


GO 
48 
79 
62 
48 
38 
88 
' 90 
33 
3S 


1 
11 

5 

6 
6 

7 
6 
S 
7 
9 


Republican 

Graham 


Lancaster 

Monroe 

Shelbv 


Madison 

Milton 




81 


5 


9 


42 


42 


58.4 


66 



♦State Board of Education requires that elementary agriculture and domestic 
science be taught in the 7th and 8th school years. 



TABLE XXXVIII 

INSTRUCTION IN DOMESTIC SCIENCE IN THE 

GRADES 



Township 


Number of 

Teachers in 

Charge of 

Grades 5 

to 8 


Number Teachers Giving 
Instruction in Domestic 
Science in Grades 


Average Number 
Minutes per 

Week in Domestic 
Science Given 
Where Taught 




5 


6 


7 


8 




Hanover 


4 

11 

6 

6 

6 

7 

9 

13 

8 

11 




1 

1 
1 


2 
1 


1 

2 


1 
1 

2 
1 


1 

5 
4 
3 
2 
5 
3 
3 
4 
5 


1 

2 
2 
5 
3 
5 
2 
5 
6 
6 


90 
35 
48 
48 
66 
53 
96 
80 
32 
38 


Saluda 


Republican 


Graham 


Smyrna 


Lancaster 


Monroe 


Shelby 


Madison 


Milton 




County 


81 


6 


8 


35 


37 




Average time where 
taught 


58.6 



80 Jefferson Counyt Survey 

(cf) Amount and Kind of Home Project Work Done in 
Agriculture and Domestic Science 

Most of the instruction given in elementary agriculture and 
domestic science in the elementary schools is mere rote work from 
a textbook. Judging from the replies to the question with refer- 
ence to home project work, it is apparent that the great majority 
of teachers do not have a clear conception either of the meaning 
of home project work or of its possibilities. See Table XXXIX 
below. 

TABLE XXXIX 

Total number teachers in charge of grades 5 to 8, inclusive 81 

Number reporting no home project work in agriculture. 49 

Number reporting work acceptable to investigators 5 

Number reporting home work not accepted 27 

Number reporting no home project work in domestic science 49 

Number reporting home work acceptable to investigators 15 

Number reporting work not acceptable to investigators 17 

(e) Consolidation of Rural Schools in Jefferson County 

1. Hanover township is consolidated with the exception of one 
one-room school of colored children which cannot be incor- 
porated on account of race prejudice. 

2. Madison township is more than half consolidated. It is 
possible to combine the Antioch and lower Clifty schools 
and to merge the Stony Point school into the North Madi- 
son schools, thus completing consolidation. 

3. Milton contemplates the combination of six schools at 
Brooksburg, which is entirely feasible. The combination of 
the other four schools is not practicable for topographic 
reasons. 

4. Shelby township contemplates the combination of six schools 
at Canaan, thus merging almost half of her schools. It is 
hardly practicable to make further combinations under 
present conditions. 

5. In Lancaster township it is feasible to combine three one- 
room schools at Du Pont and two at Middlefork, thus closing 
all but two one-room schools in this township. The senti- 
ment, however, seems to be hostile to this step. 

6. Monroe township may readily consolidate at two points. 

7. Graham township very easily may consolidate the Possum 
Trot, Pleasant Valley and New schools with the Deputy 
schools, but it is not at all feasible on account of topography 
and distance to undertake more. 



Survey Data and Findings 



81 



9. 



10. 



Smyrna township may readily consolidate all but one of the 
one-room schools at Volga the township village located in the 
center of the township. 

In Republican township Hall's, Independence, Scotland and 
Kent schools may be combined at Kent, leaving three one- 
room schools to continue. 

In Saluda township the College Corner, Sheep's Run, Mills 
and Ten Cent schools may be combined with the Saluda High 
School, and the three or possibly four schools in the south 
end of the township at Painville, leaving two one-room schools 
in the river bluff country. 

AH the above combinations are feasible with the present road 
conditions, and with the construction of a total of three or four 
miles of new road transportation would offer no difficulties of con- 
sequence. With such consolidation, there would remain in the 
county but twenty or twenty-five one-room schools. With fur- 
ther road improvements, the number may be further reduced, 
and under a county administration, as distinguished from the 
present township administration, additional reductions may be 
made. 

3. Present Tax Rate and Distribution of Local and 
State Tax Funds 

Tables XL and XLI show the present rate of taxation in the 
several townships of the county and the distribution of same for 
all purposes. 

TABLE XL 

DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC FUNDS AS SHOWN BY 

RATES OF TAXATION 

(Rate expressed in cents on the hundred dollars) 



Township 


For 
State 

Educa- 
tional 

Institu- 
tions 


General 

State 
Expense 


G eneral 
County 
Expense 


General 
Town- 
ship 
Expense 


Roads 

and 
Bridges 


Common 
Schools 


Total 
Tax 
Levied 
All Pur- 
poses 


Hanover. . . 
Saluda 


7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 


18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
18. t 
18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
18.5 
18.5 


34 
34 
34 
34 
34 
34 
34 
34 
34 
34 


21 
30 
18 
16 
21 
15 
23 
17 
6 
23 


134.9 

112.9 

117.9 

107.9 

135.9 

120.9 

94.9 

128.9 

72.9 

88.9 


94.6 
99.6 
69.6 

104.6 
63.9 
88.6 
64.6 
62.6 

107.6 
65.6 


3.10 


Republican 

G raham 

Smyrna 


3.02 

2.55 
2.88 


Lancaster . . . 
Monroe. . 
Shelby 


2.80 
2.84 
2.42 


Madison 

Milton 


2.68 
2.46 


- 


2.68 



82 



Jefferson County Suevey 



TABLE XLI 

PERCENTAGE OF INCOME OF LOCAL TAXES 
APPORTIONED TO DIFFERENT PURPOSES 





Per Cent 














to State 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Per Cent 


Township 


Educa- 


to General 


General 


to General 


to Roads 


to the 




tional 


State 


County 


Township 


and 


Common 




Institu- 


Expense 


Expense 


Expense 


Bridges 


Schools 




tions 












Hanover 


2.25 


5.96 


10.9 


6.77 


43.51 


30.51 


Saluda 


2.32 


6.12 


11.22 


9.98 


37.42 


32.98 


Republican 


2.64 


6.90 


12.83 


6.79 


44.49 


26.26 




2.46 
2.50 
2.46 
2.89 
2.61 


6.42 
6.60 
6.51 
7.64 
6.90 


11.80 
12.14 
11.96 
14.05 
12.68 


5.55 
7.50 
5.27 
9.50 
6.34 


36.19 
48.53 
42.56 
39.21 
48.09 


36 . 31 




22.71 




31 23 




26.69 


Shelby 


23.35 


Madison 


2.84 


7.52 


13.82 


2.43 


29.63 


42.73 


Milton 


2.95 


7.72 


14.34 


9.70 


37.51 


27.68 


County. ... 


2.59 


6.83 


12.57 


6.98 


40.71 


30.04 



4. Definition of Vocational Education and Statement of 

Principles 

In order to make clear the meaning of vocational education 
as employed in the report and its relationship to regular educa- 
tion, the following statement for the State Board of Education is 
given. 

Meaning of Vocational Education. Vocational education, as 
defined and provided for in the Indiana Law means just what 
the term implies, an education of training which aims to fit an 
individual or group of individuals for a particular occupation or 
trade, or which seeks to help those already engaged in an occupa- 
tion for which training can be given, to become more proficient in 
their work by teaching them the science, mathematics and tech- 
nique which underlie that occupation or trade. In a vocational 
department or school, the entire course of study is made up of 
such practical or vocational subjects and such related academic 
and science subjects as are necessary, or as may prove particularly 
helpful to a group of boys and girls desiring to prepare themselves 
for the occupations taught in the school. All subjects which con- 
tribute to this purpose — technical, scientific and academic — -are 
selected. All subjects which do not contribute to this vocational 
purpose are excluded from the curriculum. 



Survey Data and Findings 83 

In a vocational department or school organized to prepare girls 
for scientific home-making or occupations connected with the 
household, for example, only those subjects are taught which 
contribute directly to the purpose of the school. For example: 
(1) Courses dealing with the selection and preparation of foods, 
such as cooking, marketing, gardening, etc.; (2) courses giving 
instruction in the selection and making of suitable clothing for the 
family, such as sewing, dressmaking, millinery, laundering, the 
study of textiles, care of clothing, etc. ; (3) courses giving special 
attention to the care of the home, embracing the study of clean- 
ing and heating devices, personal and home hygiene and the like; 
(4) courses dealing with the selecting and furnishing the home, 
such as home decoration, home furnishing, house planning, proper 
location of a home, landscape gardening, etc.; (5) courses which 
give instruction in the proper management of a home, such as 
scientific household management, household accounting, home 
nursing, care of the sick, feeding and care of children, etc.; (6) 
the study of those scientific and academic subjects which have a 
direct and helpful Bearing on the occupations to be learned, 
such as English, history, civics, household physics, household 
chemistry, music, including violin, piano, orchestra, voice, chorus 
work or the history of music; drawing and art as applied to home 
making. 

In a vocational department of school designed to prepare for 
an agricultural career the curriculum would contain only such 
technical, scientific and academic subjects as would give specific 
help to a group of students desiring to fit themselves on a high 
plane for this line of work. 

Stated broadly and generally, therefore, vocational education 
seeks to train all kinds of men and women, young and old, in all 
sorts of ways for all kinds of useful and productive work, to the 
end that they may be made more intelligent and productive citi- 
zens and, therefore, happier men and women. Theoretically, it 
means that we seek to develop the full talents and capacities of 
all our people: (1) By ascertaining what these talents are; (2) 
by giving full opportunity in our schools for cultivating whatever 
talents and capacities the pupils may possess. Practically it 
means that we seek to fit all groups of people for some form of 
creative and useful work to the end that they may be made not 
only self-supporting and happy, but useful and productive citi- 
zens of the state. 
. Relation of Vocational and General Education. The Committee 



84 Jefferson County Survey 

believes that it is important for the citizens and school people of 
Jefferson County to understand just how the vocational work 
recommended in this report is related to the work already at- 
tempted by the public schools. The Committee believes it is 
important that all should understand that the vocational depart- 
ments and vocational schools to be established under the new 
Indiana law do not come as a substitute for or as an attempt to 
modify the present work of our public schools, but rather as an 
attempt to extend and enlarge their sphere of work. A vocational 
department or course is organized to do a distinct type of work 
not attempted heretofore by our regular schools. Vocational 
instruction does not conflict with the regular and fundamental 
work done in the public schools. Vocational and general educa- 
tion are merely "different phases of the same educational process. 
A certain amount of general education is necessary before voca- 
tional training, as such, can profitably begin. The two phases 
of educational effort do not and cannot conflict. General educa- 
tion comes first, vocational education comes, or should come, as 
the culmination or last step in the educational process of every 
individual. 

In the passage of the vocational law, Indiana merely undertook 
the added task of providing, in addition to general education, 
efficient vocational training for all the people desiring to avail 
themselves of such training. The people of the state have come 
to feel that the chief aim and purpose of education and life does 
not consist primarily in learning how to consume intelligently, but 
rather in learning how to produce. They have recognized the 
fact that it takes a skilled and willing worker and producer to make 
a good citizen, and they believe that every citizen should be pre- 
pared by education and training for some form of useful work. 
Indiana, we are pleased to say, is one of the few states clearly 
recognizing that until this has been accomplished, the individual 
will not be able to make his own life of value to himself or himself 
of service to societv. 



APPENDIX 



GENERAL ANALYSES OF THE AGRICULTURAL 
OCCUPATIONS OF THE COUNTY TO 
DETERMINE THE DESIRABLE 
REQUIREMENTS FOR EF- 
FICIENT WORK 

The chart analysis of farm occupations, covers briefly the field 
of agriculture of which a successful farmer must have a general 
knowledge. No one farmer is expected to have specialized knowl- 
edge of each subject in the field, but he must have a comprehen- 
sive view of the entire field in order that he can intelligently 
make a selection of the type of farming which he can pursue 
most profitably. 

The Committee has recommended that Jefferson County 
farmers do not attempt to practice grain farming but that they 
should engage in such types of farming as dairying, fruit growing, 
sheep raising, poultry keeping and gardening. The chart has a 
direct bearing on the foregoing recommendation. For example, 
if dairying is to be the major industry on a given farm, the farmer 
should have intimate knowledge of diarying and should follow 
the business intensively. He should, however, have general 
knowledge of the entire field so that he can intelligently select 
his minor activities such as gardening, poultry, livestock raising, 
and properly relate them to his major line. 

The chart does not give detailed outlines of the several sub- 
jects. Only the leading topics are enumerated. 



86 



Farm Occupations 



SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE 


DAIRYING 


Types and breeds. 


Bacteriology — 


Principles of breeding. 


Souring of milk, ripening cream; di- 


Diseases and how to prevent or control. 


sease. 


Principles and practice of sanitation, in 


Food value of milk, and its products. 


barn, milk house; keep cows, utensils, 


Keeping records — 


clothing and hands clean. 


Butter fat tests. 


Light and ventilation. 


Pounds of milk produced. 


Proper care -and handling of milk, cream, 


Pounds of butter produced. 


butter, cheese. 


Amount and kind of feeds used. 


Cooling milk. 


Relation to soil maintenance, and im- 


Testing for butterfat. 


provement. 


Feeding and management. 


Value of herd bull. 


Chemistry of feeds — 


Cow testing association. 


Proteids. 




Carbohydrates. 




Balanced rations. 




Feeding practice. 




HORSES 


Types and breeds. 


Principles of feeding. 


Principles of breeding. 


Proper housing. 


Diseases and how to prevent and control. 


Knowledge of markets and principles of 


Defects — how to recognize. 


buying and selling. 


Judging animal — 


Keeping records of breeding and foaling 


As to purpose. 


dates, of other important items, such 


On basis of use. 


as feed, cost, income. 


Keep kind and numbers needed. 




BEEF CATTLE 


Types and breeds. 


Management in relation to size of farm, 


Principles of breeding. 


hogs, market, conditions, etc. 


Diseases and how to prevent and control. 


Relation to Soil. 


Principles of feeding — 


Improvement. 


Kinds of feed. 


Knowledge of markets and principle of 


Amount of feed. 


buying and selling. 


How. 


Keeping complete records of the business. 


Shelter — 


Value of herdbull. 


Sanitation, comfort. 




J udging beef — 




Type; to determine whether good 




feeder. 





Farm Occupations 



87 



SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE 



Types and breeds. 

Principles of breeding. 

Diseases and how to prevent and control. 

Principles of feeding — 

Brood sows and pigs. 

Fattening hogs. 
Proper housing — 

Brood sows and pigs. 
Fattening hogs. 
Principles of sanitation — 

Houses. 

Lots. 

Farm. 



Relation to cattle feeding. 
Relations to soil improvement. 
Knowledge of markets, and principles of 

buying and selling. 
Fail and spring litter management. 
Keeping complete records of the business. 
Practice in judging. 



Types and breeds. 

Principles of breeding. 

Diseases and how to prevent and control. 

Principles of feeding. 

Proper housing. 

Principles of sanitation. 



Care of wool. 

Knowledge of markets and principles of 

buying and selling. 
Practice in judging. 
Keeping complete records of the business. 



POULTRY 



Care of eggs. 

Keeping complete records of egg produc- 
tion, feeds used, poultry sold, eggs sold 
— all items of cost and income. 

Securing and holding customers, for high- 
class products. 

Knowledge of markets and principles of 
buying and selling. 

Value of eggs as food. 

Proper use in the home. 

Types and breeds. 

Principle breeding. 

Diseases and pests and how to prevent 
and control. 

Principles and practice of sanitation in 
poultry house and yard. 



Principles of feeding — 
Feeds, 
Purpose. 
Eggs — Meat. 
Amount to feed, 
Kind to feed. 
When and how. 
Poultry house construe don. 
Hatching problems — 
Selecting eggs. 
Breeding pens. 
Selecting sitters. 

Selecting and using incubator and 
brooder. 
Care of chicks. 
Fattening for market. 
Grading eggs. 



SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE 



VEGETABLES 



Principles of plant, breed- 
ing and propagation. 

Kinds and varieties of veg- 
etables that should be 
grown for home use, and 
those that meet the de- 
mands of the market. 

Soil adapted to vegetables 
to be grown. 

Management of soil. 



Cultivation. 

Relation of topography to 

location of garden. 
Planning the garden — 

Kitchen, market, truck. 
Diseases and pest and how 

to prevent and control 

them. 
Spraying: Why, when, 

how, material, appara- 
tus. 
Preservation — 

Storage. 

Canning. 



Marketing surplus. 
Preparation for markets. 
Value as food. 

(For use in home.) 
Knowledge of markets and 

principles of buying and 

selling. 
Keeping complete records. 



UNIFORM KNOWLEDGE 



Principles of plant breeding and propaga- 
tion. 

Fruits adapted to state, locality, farm. 

Soil adapted to fruits to be grown. 

Management of soil. 

Relation to topography. 

Spraying — Why, when, how, material, 
apparatus. 

Budding and grafting — Why, when, how. 



Materials, equipment. 

Diseases and pests — how to prevent and 

control. 
Planting — When, what, how. 
Preservation — 

Storage. 

Canning. 
Marketing — 

Principles of buying and selling. 
Value as a food. 

(For proper use in home.) 
Keep complete records. 



LANDSCAPE GARDENING 



Beautiflcation of lawn and surroundings. 
Kind of trees, shrubs, and flowers to plant. 

— Why, when, how. 
How to make and keep the lawn. 
Fences in goed repair. 



Buildings in good repair and painted. 
Clean and neat appearance in all parts 
of the farm. 



AGRONOMY 



Soils. 

Types. 

Formation. 

Structure. 

Texture. 

Drainage. 

Vegetable matter. 

Lime. 

Temperature. 

Porosity. 

Weight. 

Preparation of seedbed. 

Cultivation rotation of 

crops. 
Legumes. 

Barnyard manure. 
Acidity. 
Puddling 

Commercial fertilizers. 
Aeriation. 
Capillary moisture. 
Free water. 
Maintenance. 
Improvement. 



Grain Crops. 

Corn, oats, wheat, rye, 
barley, soy beans. 

Principles of plant breed- 
ing, and propagation. 

Knowledge of varieties. 

Judge of good seed. 

Selecting seed, storing 
seed. 

Testing seed. 

Plant foods required. 

Planting. 

Cultivating. 

Harvesting. 

Storing. 

Knowledge of market, and 
principles of buying and 
selling. 

Value as feed. 

Keeping complete record*. 



Forage Crops. 

Clovers, alfalfa, cowpeas, 
soy beans, vetch, tim- 
othy, bluegrass, sor- 
ghum, rape, millet, red 
top. 

Judge of good, clean, seed. 
Knowledge of varieties. 
Preparation of seedbed. 
Plant foods required. 
Adaptation to soil, clim- 
ate, and use. 
How and when to harvest. 

Value as feed. 

How to use forago. 

Relation to soil, main- 
tenance, building, de- 
pletion. 



SCIENCE 



Chemistry, physics, botany, entomology. 

Elementary principles of chemistry — 

Soils, water, feeds, milk. 
Physics — 

Building, heating, lighting, machinery, 
drainage. 
Botany — 

Principles of- plant breeding, propaga- 
tion — growth. 
Entomology — 

Diseases, insects, pests. 
Bacteriology — 

Milk. 

Water. 

Disease. 



FARM MECHANICS 



Drawing plans and making blueprints — 
Frame buildings, silos, gates, etc. 

Cement work — 

Walks, posts, foundations. 

Woodwork — 

Building, repairing. 

Practical knowledge of machinery and 
Implements — 
Proper care and use of same. 

Binder, mower, plows, cultivators, churn, 
separator, spraying and pruning appar- 
atus, engines, etc. 

Probably some elementary work In black- 
smithing. 



EDUCATIONAL 



Mathematics. 

History. 

Civics. 

English. 

Literature. 

Arts. 



GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 



Animal and crop units in proportion to 
size of farm, kind of soil, ability to secure 
labor, nearness of markets, kind of roads. 

Keeping complete and accurate records 
of business. 

Practical working knowledge of principles 
of buying and selling. 

Soil maintenance. 

Soil improvement. 

Organizer. 

Executive. 

Crop rotation. 

Careful planning as to kind of farming — 
Dairy, poultry, general, etc. 
Animals and crops to be emphasized lu 
1 general farming, 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS (& 



019 736 479 8 



